What is Psychology?: Essentials PDF
Preview What is Psychology?: Essentials
34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 6 9/29/11 3:27 PM Online Solutions Digital tools that engage & educate Online Homework System Trackable Online Learning System What makes this instructor-developed, Bring course concepts to life with interactive student-tested program so successful? learning, study, and exam preparation tools For Students: CourseMate features quizzes, fl ashcards, videos and • Engaging multimedia segments to spark an interest an interactive ebook that allows students to take notes, with key materials highlight, search and use embedded media specifi c to • Honing critical thinking skills the course. • Preparing them for class CourseMate’s Engagement Tracker allows For Instructors: instructors to: • Customizable, randomized auto-graded homework • See progress for the class as a whole or for individual assignments that help you ensure students’ students accountability, preparation, and eff ort • Identify students at risk early in the course • Assessment analytics that track student participation, • Uncover which concepts are most diffi cult for your class progress, and performance in real-time graphical • Monitor “time on task” reports • Flexible gradebook tools compatible with other learning management systems For more information, contact For more information, contact your Wadsworth representative your Wadsworth representative or view an online demo at: or view an online demo at: www.aplia.com/cengage www.cengage.com/coursemate Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3344115599__iiffcc__ppttgg0011..iinndddd 11 99//1166//1111 33::0044 PPMM What Is Psychology? EssENTIAls 2nd Edition Ellen Pastorino Valencia College Susann doyle-Portillo Gainesville State College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 1 9/29/11 3:27 PM This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 6 9/29/11 3:27 PM What Is Psychology? Essentials, Second Edition © 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Ellen Pastorino and Susan Doyle-Portillo ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Marketing Communications Manager: Laura Localio Senior Content Project Manager: Christy Frame Library of Congress Control Number: 2011939003 Creative Director: Rob Hugel Student Edition: Senior Art Director: Vernon Boes ISBN-13: 978-1-111-83415-9 Senior Print Buyer: Karen Hunt ISBN-10: 1-111-83415-6 Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text and Image: Don Schlotman Wadsworth Production Service: Lachina Publishing Services 20 Davis Drive Text Designer: Marsha Cohen Belmont, CA 94002-3098 Photo Researcher: Roman Barnes USA Copy Editor: Margaret Tropp Illustrator: Lachina Publishing Services Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Cover Designer: Marsha Cohen Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at Cover Image: age fotostock/Superstock www.cengage.com/global. Compositor: Lachina Publishing Services Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage Learning 2013. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 2 9/29/11 3:27 PM For Barbara Hermann and in memory of Robin Winters Rich— two amazing women who voluntarily served as mentors and surrogate mothers in my personal and professional life. Thank you for your kindness, support, and guidance. —Ellen Pastorino For Eulalio Ortiz Portillo, who is the love of my life as well as one of my greatest teachers. Eres mi vida, mi amor. —Susann Doyle-Portillo Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 3 9/29/11 3:27 PM About the Authors Ellen E. Pastorino (Ph.D., Florida State University, 1990) is a developmental psychologist who established her teaching career at Gainesville State College in Georgia. As a tenured professor she created and developed the college’s Teaching and Learning Center, working with faculty to promote student learning. For the past 13 years, she has been teaching at Valencia College in Orlando, Florida. Here, too, she has worked with faculty in designing learning-centered classroom practices. Ellen has won numerous teaching awards, including the University of Georgia Board of Regents Distinguished Professor, the NISOD Excellence in Teaching Award, and Valencia’s Teaching and Learning Excellence Award. Ellen has published articles in The Journal of Adolescent Research and Adolescence and actively participates in many regional and national teaching conferences. However, her main passion has always been to get students excited about the field of psychology. Ellen is a member of the Association for Psychological Science (APS) and currently serves as the Discipline Coordinator of Psychological Sciences at Valencia’s Osceola campus. Ellen has authored test banks, instructor manuals, and student study guides. While working as a consultant for IBM Corporation, she developed numerous educational materials for teachers and students. Her current interests include assessment, inclusion, service learning, and reaching underprepared students. Ellen strives to balance her professional responsibilities with her love of physical fitness and family life. Susann M. Doyle–Portillo, a professor of psychology at Gainesville State College for the past 17 years, earned her Ph.D. in Social Cognition in 1994 from the University of Oklahoma. Prior to her doctoral program, Susann earned bachelor’s degrees in engineering and psychology. This exposure to both the hard sciences and the social sciences helped to ground her firmly in the experimental tradition of psychology. She has published articles in Social Cognition and Contemporary Social Psychology, but the main focus of her career has and will always be teaching. During her tenure at Gainesville State College, Susann has earned a reputation as an excellent but challenging instructor. In 2010, she was awarded the Gainesville State College Best Practices Award for her teaching, and in 2011 she was a recipient of a Gainesville State College Foundation Innovative Teaching Grant Award. In addition, she has three times been listed in Who’s Who Among America’s Teachers. Susann is also actively engaged in student learning outside the classroom. One of her major goals is to help students learn by getting them involved in conducting original research. In addition to teaching, Susann is heavily involved in the assessment of general education at Gainesville State College. In this role, she has helped colleagues across her institution to develop and implement performance-based assessments of learning outcomes in their courses. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 4 9/29/11 3:27 PM Brief Contents Chapter ____ What Is Psychology? 2 ____ How Does Biology Influence Our Behavior? 38 ____ How Do We Sense and Perceive Our World? 78 ____ Consciousness: Wide Awake, in a Daze, or Dreaming? 122 ____ How Do We Learn? 162 ____ How Does Memory Function? 202 ____ Cognition, Language, and Intelligence: How Do We Think? 240 ____ Motivation and Emotion: What Guides Our Behavior? 282 ____ How Do People Grow, Change, and Develop? 324 ____ Social Psychology: How Do We Understand and Interact With Others? 376 ____ Health, Stress, and Coping: How Can You Create a Healthy Life? 422 ____ What Is Personality, and How Do We Measure It? 460 ____ What Are Psychological Disorders, and How Can We Understand Them? 494 ____ What Therapies Are Used to Treat Psychological Problems? 538 Appendix ____ How Are Statistics Used in Psychology? 578 ____ How Do We Apply Psychology to the Workplace? 592 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 5 9/29/11 3:27 PM Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 6 9/29/11 3:27 PM Contents 1 What Is Psychology? | 2 What Is Psychology? 4 Correcting Common Misconceptions About the Field of Psychology 4 Psychology Will Teach You About Critical Thinking 6 The origins of Psychology 7 Early Approaches: Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt Psychology, and Psychoanalytic Theory 7 Behaviorism: A True Science of Psychology 9 Beyond Behaviorism: Humanism, Cognitive Psychology, and the Birth of Positive Psychology 10 Psychology in the Modern World 12 Modern Perspectives and the Eclectic Approach 12 NEuroSciENcE APPliES to Your WorlD: Restoring and Enhancing Motor Movement 13 Specialty Areas in Psychology 15 Gender, Ethnicity, and the Field of Psychology 15 PSYchologY APPliES to Your WorlD: Training to Be a Psychologist 17 Psychological Research: goals, hypotheses, and Methods 19 Psychologists Are Scientists: The Scientific Method 20 Psychologists Ask Questions: Hypotheses 21 Psychologists Strategize: Research Methods 22 PSYchologY AcroSS gENErAtioNS: The Millennials 25 Ethical Principles of Psychological Research 30 Ethical Guidelines for Participants 30 Ethical Guidelines for Animal Research 32 Studying the chapter 33 look Back at What You’ve learned 36 2 How Does Biology Influence Our Behavior? | 38 Billions of Neurons: communication in the Brain 40 The Anatomy of the Neuron 41 Signals in the Brain: How Neurons Fire Up 42 Jumping the Synapse: Synaptic Transmission 44 Cleaning Up the Synapse: Reuptake 46 Neurotransmitters: chemical Messengers in the Brain 48 Acetylcholine: Memory and Memory Loss 48 Dopamine, Serotonin, and Norepinephrine: Deepening Our Understanding of Mental Illness 48 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 34159_fm_ptg01_i-xxix.indd 7 9/29/11 3:27 PM
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