What factors contributed to the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1972

93 Pages·2015·1.73 MB·English

What factors contributed to the
failure of the Addis Ababa Peace
Agreement, 1972

Dawit Yemane Tekle

[Master’s Degree Thesis in Peace and Conflict Studies,
History Track]

UNIVERSITY OF OSLO

[30 October, 2015]
Preface
May 2008, it was my first journey outside my home country Eritrea to Khartoum,
Sudan. I lived in Sudan for 3 and half years as a refugee before I came to Norway.
After staying 3 months in Khartoum as a refugee, I had the opportunity to work in
Khartoum as a teacher. Sudan is the largest country in Africa and because of its
natural resources the country was given the name “Mother of Africa”. Indeed the
people of Sudan have been kind, helpful and hospitable to the Eritreans’ refugees
who lived in Sudan for a long time. But it was my daily question why this country
had suffered of civil war, starvation and corruption while the country is endowed
with natural wealth.
I was in Sudan when the long and bloody civil war between North and South Sudan
came to an end after the referendum in 2011, in which the South Sudan became the
newest African state in the world. However, still a lot of questions remained
unresolved between the two nations, consequently, there were continuous
confrontation over the ownership of the oil resource over the Abyei region.
Therefore, it was my personal interest to study and write at an academic research on
the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1972. And I believe that the current problem
between the North and South Sudan was the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace
Agreement. Moreover, the people of South Sudan and Eritrea had a similar political
development under the colonial rule during the 1970s, in which both countries were
given a self autonomous status while majority of their population were in favour of
independence.

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Acknowledgements
First and foremost I would like to thank and give glory to the almighty God for His
kind guidance and constant love throughout my life, without His help definitely I
could not be able to finish this paper in due time. Therefore, it is my duty to give
Him praise, worship and thanks now and forever, Amen.
Thanks are due to Anders Breidlid for all his comments, encouragement, and
supporting throughout my entire work. Moreover, he provided me with additional
materials related to the history of Southern Sudan. And I am very grateful for his
feedback and he drew my attention to generate new ideas and concepts regarding the
Addis Ababa Peace Agreement (1972). Also, thanks to Eivind Myre from the
Department of History UiO for his academic contribution on this research. And my
friend Wilson has also contributed much on revising and giving comments to the
paper during its final stage. My warmest gratitude goes to my beloved father and my
wife Rahel for their spiritual, financial and moral encouragements right from the
beginning of this paper until the final phase.
Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge my friends and brothers (Pastor
Abiel, Pastor Tewelde, Bereket, Bisrat, Fessehay, Dawit, Luam, Josief and Simret),
who have contributed directly and indirectly for this research paper and really their
moral support gave me the strength to complete this research in due time.

III
Executive Summary
In 1972, representatives of the Northern Sudan and the Southern Sudan reached a
historic agreement to end the first bloody civil war in Sudan by way of negotiations,
in which the third party mediator (Ethiopia) had participated in the peace process.
However, the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement had faced serious challenges for its
implementation and as a result in 1983 it failed to bring sustainable peace between
the two peoples. This thesis attempts to answer the research question: why the Addis
Ababa Peace Agreement did fail? It thoroughly goes through the dominant conflict
resolution theories and it uses a contemporary theory based on power-sharing and
negotiation theory. The thesis will partly highlight the root causes of the war as the
main cause for the beginning of the first civil war in Sudan. The thesis concludes
with the final failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement by stating all the
important factors: the social, economic, security and political dimensions.

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Organization of the Thesis

This research thesis is organized into five chapters. The first chapter is an
introduction and provides a general introduction, presents the research design,
methodology and the methodology underpinning the collection of sources and
limitation of the research. Chapter two discusses the root causes of the civil war
between North and South Sudan, a brief presentation of the first civil war from 1955
to 1972 and the military and political shifts prior to the formation of Anya Nya
movement.
The chapter three provides a theoretical analysis to research paper. Under this topic I
will discuss the theory of power-sharing and negotiation in light of the Addis Ababa
Peace Agreement. Chapter four discusses the historical development of the Round
Table Conference, the genesis of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, the legal terms
of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, the implementation of the Addis Ababa Peace
Agreements and the politics of Southern Sudan during the peace agreement. Chapter
five will advance my hypothesis as to why the AAPA was a failure and reasons why
the new civil war started in 1983. Finally, the research thesis gives the conclusion
part.

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© Author: Dawit Yemane Tekle
Year: 2015
Title: What Factors contributed to the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement,
1972
http://www.duo.uio.no/
Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo

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Table of Contents
Preface……………………………………………………………………………...II
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………...III
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………..IV
Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………….…………...V
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………...VII
Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………...IX
Chapter I: Introduction…………………………………………………………….1
1.1. The aim of the Research……………………………………...………… 8
1.2. Research Question……………………………………………………… 9
1.3. Sources and Methods…………………………………………………… 10
1.4. Limitation and Delimitation of the Research…………………………… 11
Chapter II: Background Information……………………………………………. 12
2.1. The Root causes of the Civil War………………………………………. 12
2.2. The first Civil War (1955-72)…………………………………………... 14
2.3. The military and political developments prior to the formation of the
Anya-Nya movement………………………………………………............... 17
Chapter III: Theory of the Research…………………………………………...... 23
3.1. Prelude………………………………………………………………….. 23
3.2. The Power Sharing Theory……………………………………………... 24
3.3. Negotiation Theory……………………………………………………... 26
Chapter IV: The Addis Ababa Peace Agreement……………………………….. 30
4.1. The Round Table Conference…………………………………………... 30
4.2. The Genesis of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement………………….… 36
4.2.1. The Legal Terms of the Addis Ababa Peace
Agreement……………………………………………………............ 39
VII
4.3. The Implementation of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement…................ 41
4.4. The Politics of the Southern Sudan during the Peace
Agreement……………………………………………………….................... 45
4.4.1. The First regional government (1974-1978) …………………..45
4.4.2. The Second regional government (1978-1980)……………….. 46
4.4.3. The Third regional government (1980-1983)…………………. 47
Chapter V: Factors for the failure of the Addis Ababa Peace
Agreement………………………………………………………………………….. 51
5.1. Prelude………………………………………………………………….. 51
5.2. Security Issues……………………… …………………………………. 53
5.3. Economic aspects……………………………………………………….. 58
5.4. The Adoption of Shar'a…………………………………………………. 60
5.5. The discovery of Oil……………………………………………………. 64
5.5.1The End of the Addis Ababa Peace Agreement, 1983…………. 69
Conclusion…………………………………….…………………………………… 73
Political Map of Sudan……………………………………………………………. 78
Bibliography………………………………………………………….……………. 80

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Abbreviations
AACC (All African Council of Churches)
AAPA (Addis Ababa Peace Agreement)
CPA (Comprehensive Peace Agreement)
OCRO (Oxfam Catholic Relief Organization)
DRC’S (Democratic Republic of Congo)
DUP (Democratic Unionist Party)
EU (European Union)
GOS (Government of Sudan)
HEC (High-Executive Council)
ICF (Islamic Charter Front)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
KDC (Kuwait’s Development Contribution)
LP (Liberal Party)
MSA (Missionary Societies Act)
NCA (Norwegian Church Aid)
NMF (National Military Forces)
NUP (National Unionist Party)
OAU (Organization of African Union)
PAF (People’s Armed Forces)
PDP (People’s Democratic Party)
PRA (People’s Regional Assembly)
RTC (Round Table Conference)
SAC (Sudan Administration Conference)
SANU (Sudan African National Union)
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SCA (Sudan Christian Association)
SOA (Sudan Open Archive)
SPLA (South People’s Liberation Army)
SRA (Southern Regional Administration)
SRSGA (Southern Regional Self-Government Act)
SSANU (Southern Sudan African Nationalist Union)
SSF (Southern Sudan Front)
SSLM (Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement)
UN (United Nations)
UNHCR (United Nation High Commission for Refugee)
USAID (The US Agency for International Development)
USNA (The United Southern National Army)
WCC (World Council of Churches)

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