Wetlands for Water Pollution Control, Second Edition

513 Pages·2016·8.243 MB·English

by  Scholz, Miklas

Wetlands for Water
Pollution Control
Second Edition
Miklas Scholz
The University of Salford, Salford, UK
AMSTERDAMlBOSTONlHEIDELBERGlLONDON
NEWYORKlOXFORDlPARISlSANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCOlSINGAPORElSYDNEYlTOKYO
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Secondedition2016
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About the Author
Prof.MiklasScholz,CandIng,BEng(equiv),PgC,MSc,PhD,CWEM,CEnv,
CSci,CEng,FHEA,FIEMA,FCIWEM,FICE,FellowofIWA,holdstheChair
inCivilEngineeringatTheUniversityofSalford(Figure1).HeistheHeadof
the Civil Engineering Research Group. Prof. Scholz has shown individual
excellenceevidencedbyworld-leadingpublications,postgraduatesupervision,
andresearchimpact.Hismainresearchareas(Figure2)intermsofpublication
output are as follows: treatment wetlands (20%), integrated constructed wet-
lands (ICW; 15%), sustainable flood retention basins (SFRB; 5%), permeable
pavement systems (5%), decision support systems (5%), ponds (5%), and
capillary suction time (5%).About45%and 40%of his research are inwater
resourcesmanagementandwastewatertreatment,respectively.Theremaining
10% is in capillary processes and water treatment.
Hehaspublished fourbooksand morethan176 journalarticlescovering
a wide range of topics (Figure 2). Between 2009 and 2015, he topped the
publication list in terms of numbers for all members of the staff at
The University of Salford. Prof. Scholz’s totaljournal article publications in
FIGURE1 MiklasScholzontopofasustainablefloodretentionbasinnearPerth,Scotland,UK.
(cid:1)
(PicturetakenbyAsaHedmark.)
xix
xx AbouttheAuthor
Civil Engineering
Sustainability
Decision Support Systems
Air
Watercourse Remediation Dam Risk Failure Measurement
Aquaculture Retention Basins
Developing Countries
Algal Control Sustainable Flood Retention Basins
Water Resources
Detention Tanks
Water
Eutrophic Rivers Ponds Silt Traps
Sustainable Drainage Systems
Sediment Storm water
Ditches Permeable Pavements
Wetland Systems
Integrated Constructed Wetlands
Contaminated Sediment Treatment Wetlands Membranes
Soil Wastewater
Capillary Suction Time
Biosensors
Dinking Water
Activated Carbon Materials
FIGURE2 Overviewofresearchareasandtheircorrespondingrelativeimportanceandlinkages
betweenthem.
recent years are as follows: 2009, 13 articles; 2010, 19 articles; 2011, 13
articles; 2012, 21 articles; 2013, 17 articles; and 2014, 15 articles.
He publishes regularly in the following journals with high impact factors:
BioresourceTechnology,BuildingandEnvironment,ConstructionandBuilding
Materials, Desalination, Ecological Engineering, Environmental Modelling &
Software, Environmental Pollution, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Journal of
Environmental Management, Landscape and Urban Planning, Science of the
TotalEnvironmentandWaterResearch.
Prof. Scholz has total citations of more than 2845 (above 2122 citations
since2010),resultinginanh-indexof28andani10-Indexof64.Prof.Scholz
is Editor-in-Chief of 13 journals, including the Web of Science-listed journal
Water (impactfactorsfor 2014: 1.428).He has membershipexperienceon 35
influential editorial boards. Prof. Scholz was a member of the Institute of
Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) Council between 2008
and 2015.
Miklashasacurrentlyactive(on-going)grantincomeofusually£270,000.
Hisgrantincomeoveranypastsixyearsistypically£1,500,000.Thesefigures
include research and other grants, as well as consultancy.
His sustainable flood retention basin (SFRB) concept assesses the multi-
functionality of all largewater bodies, with particular reference to their flood
AbouttheAuthor xxi
and diffuse pollution control potential. A novel and unbiased classification
system allows all stakeholders to clearly define the purpose of a water body
that can be classed as an SFRB. Communication among stakeholders
regarding the most appropriate management of SFRB is greatly enhanced.
Moreover, the SFRB concept addresses the need to assess the flood control
potential of all European water bodies as part of new legislation.
His research has led to the incorporation of findings into national and
international guidelines onwetlandandsustainable drainage systems(SuDS).
The greatest impact has been made in the area of integrated constructed
wetlands (ICW) in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and England. Prof.
Scholz contributed to the design guidelines of wetland systems as a research
consultant.TheguidelinesassistdesignersandmanagersinallaspectsofICW
planning, design, construction, maintenance, and management. Moreover,
specificguidelineswerewrittenforICWandusedbyfarmerstotreatfarmyard
runoff in Scotland and Northern Ireland and in Ireland. These guidelines are
specifically mentioned in national legislation.
ThenewguidelinesonSFRBandICWhaveledtotheinternationaluptake
of both the SFRB and ICW concepts and the researched hybrid SuDS. This
work has particularly benefited the British Isles and Central and Northern
Europe. For example, ICWare now being constructed in Belgium, Germany,
the United States, and China.
Preface
The first edition of this work, entitled Wetland Systems to Control Urban
Runoff,waspublishedbyElsevierin2006.Itfollowsthatthereleasedmaterialis
nowatleastnineyearsold.Thisisnotamajorproblemformostofthematerial,
whichhasalongshelf-life.However,about30%ofthebookrequiredupdating
tomakeitmorerelevantfortoday’smarket.
This revised edition has both a more detailed and a broader view of the
subjectarea.Moredetailhasbeenaddedtosomechapterstoaccountfortech-
nological advances in treatment units and scientific progress in areas such as
molecular microbiology. Furthermore, the subject area has been broadened to
accountformoremultidisciplinaryapproaches,suchastheecosystemservices
concept,tosolveengineeringsciencechallengeswithaholisticangle.Inorderto
realizethisnewapproach,bothupdatingandexpansion(ninenewchapters)of
the current content were required. The second edition has therefore been
expandedbyabout40%,makingitmorecompetitiveinamarketwherereaders
have more choice and flexibility due to advances in technology and the open
accesspolicy.
Becausethesecondeditionhasamuchbroaderfocus,itisthereforeentitled
WetlandSystemstoControlPollution,attractingawideraudienceofacademics
and practitioners. The revised and expanded book covers broad water and
environmental engineering aspects relevant for the drainage and treatment of
storm water and wastewater, providing a descriptive overview of the complex
“blackbox”treatmentsystemsandgeneraldesignissuesinvolved.
Thefundamentalscienceandengineeringprinciplesareexplainedtoaddress
the student and the professional market. Standard and novel design recom-
mendations for, predominately, constructed wetlands and related sustainable
drainage systems are provided to account for the interests of professional
engineers and environmental scientists. The latest research findings in waste-
watertreatmentandrunoffcontrolarediscussedtoattractacademicsandsenior
consultants, who should recommend the proposed textbook to final year and
postgraduatestudentsandgraduateengineers,respectively.
Therevisedbookdealscomprehensivelynotonlywiththedesign,operation,
maintenance, and water quality monitoring of traditional and novel wetland
systemsbutalsowiththeanalysisofassetperformanceandmodelingoftreat-
mentprocessesandperformancesofexistinginfrastructuredpredominantlyin
developedbutalsoindevelopingcountriesdandthesustainabilityandeconomic
issuesinvolved.
xxiii
xxiv Preface
Thetextbookisessentialfor undergraduate andpostgraduate students,lec-
turers,andresearchersinthecivilandenvironmentalengineering,environmental
science, agriculture, andecological fields of sustainablewater management.It
should be used as a reference for the design, operation, and management of
wetlands by engineers and scientists working for the water industry, local au-
thorities,nongovernmentalorganizations,andgovernmentalbodies.Moreover,
consultingengineersshouldbeabletoapplypracticaldesignrecommendations
and to refer to a largevariety of practical international case studies, including
large-scalefieldstudies.
The basic scientific principles outlined in the revised edition should be of
interest to all concerned with the built environment, including town planners,
developers, engineering technicians, agricultural engineers, and public health
workers.Thebook is writtenfor awidereadership, butsufficient hotresearch
topics are alsoaddressed in nine completelynew chapters to guarantee a long
shelf-lifeforthebook.
Solutions to pressing water quality problems associated with constructed
treatmentwetlands,integratedconstructedwetlands,farmconstructedwetlands
andstormwaterponds,andothersustainablebiologicalfiltrationandtreatment
technologieslinkedtopublichealthengineeringareexplained.Casestudytopics
are diverse: wetlands, including natural wetlands and constructed treatment
wetlands; sustainable water management, including sustainable drainage sys-
tems;andspecificapplicationssuchaswetlandstreatinghydrocarbonandpig-
gery wastewater. The research projects are multidisciplinary, holistic,
experimental,andmodeling-oriented.
Thebookispredominantlybasedonexperiencesgainedbytheauthorover
thelast14years.Originalmaterialpublishedinarticlesinmorethan170high-
rankingjournalsandpresentedin200keyconferencepapershasbeenrevisited
and analyzed. Experience the author gained as an editorial board member of
more than 30 relevant peer-reviewed journals guarantees that the textbook
containssufficientmaterialthatfillsgapsinknowledgeandunderstanding,and
that it documents the latest cutting-edge research in areas such as sustainable
drainage.
Thebooktriestointegratenaturalandconstructedwetlandsandsustainable
drainagetechniquesintotraditionalwaterandwastewatersystemsusedtotreat
surface runoff and associated diffuse pollution. Chapters 1e4 introduce water
quality management and water and wastewater treatment fundamentals to the
inexperiencedreader.
Chapters 5e9 review preliminary and predominantly primary treatment
unitsthatcanbecombinedwithwetlandsystems.Chapters10e15summarize
predominantly secondary but also tertiary treatment technologies that can be
used in combination with wetland technologies or as alternatives in cases
where land availability is restricted due to costs. Usually nonessential tradi-
tionaltechnologiesarebrieflypresentedinChapters16and17forthereasonof
completeness.
Preface xxv
Microbiological anddisinfectionissues relevantfortreatmentwetlands are
covered in Chapters 18 and 19. Chapter 20 introduces wetland science and
biologicaltreatmentprocessesbasedonmicrobialbiodegradation.Furthermore,
examplesofdifferentwetlandtypeshavebeenpresentedforreadersnewtothe
subjectmatter.Chapter21highlightssludgetreatmentanddisposaloptionsthat
shouldbeconsideredforsludgesobtainedfromwetlandsystems.
Chapters 22e38 focus predominantly on a wide variety of timely applied
researchcasestudiesrelatedtoconstructedwetlandsandassociatedtechnologies
forrunoffanddiffusepollutiontreatment.Moreover,wetlandssuchassustain-
ablefloodcontrolbasinsused forboth diffusepollutionandflood controlpur-
posesareintroduced.Thesechaptersarewrittenforprofessionalsandstudents
interestedindesign,process,andmanagementdetails.
MiklasScholz,Salford,October1,2015
Acknowledgments and
Dedications
Iwouldliketothankallcurrentandpreviousmembersofmyresearchgroups
atTheUniversityofSalford,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,andtheUniversity
of Bradford for their research input, and all institutions that provided funding
formyresearch.Iamalsogratefulforthesupportreceivedfromthepublishing
team at Elsevier.
I would like to dedicate this book to my wider family and friends, who
supportedmeduringmystudiesandcareer.Particularthanksgotomypartner
A˚sa Hedmark, children Philippa Scholz, Jolena Scholz, Felix Hedmark,
and Jamie Hedmark, twin-sister Ricarda Lorey and mother Gudrun
Spiesho¨fer.
xxvii
Common Acronyms
and Abbreviations
A Coefficient(unknownfunctionofvariousvariablesincluding
rainfallintensity and infiltrationrate)
A Cross-sectionof flow area (m2)
Al Cross-sectional area oflysimeter (m2)
AEAICAD Aesthetic andeducational appreciation and inspiration for
culture, art, anddesign(%)
AFTW Aesthetic flood treatmentwetland
ANN Artificial neuralnetwork
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AS Activated sludge
ATV-DVWK German abbreviationfor GermanAssociation for Water,
Wastewater and Waste
Avg. Average(mean)
B Maximum experimental depth (mm) within the infiltration
basin during anindividual storm
BC Biological control (%)
BMP Best management practice
BMU Best-matching unit
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand (mg/l) (usually five days
(cid:1)
at20 C)
BP Back-propagation
BP-MLL Back-propagation for multilabel learning
BRE British Research Establishment (company)
C Carbonor combinedapproach orcontrol or chili
Ce Outflowconcentration(ofcontaminantinwetlandcell)(g/m)
Cf Contaminant concentrationininfiltration water (g/m3)
C0 Inflowconcentration (of contaminant inwetland cell) (g/m)
CBR Case-based reasoning
CE Community and environment approach
CFU Colony-forming unit
CIRIA (British) Construction Industry Research and Information
Association
COD Chemical oxygen demand (mg/l)
CSS Carbonsequestration andstorage (%)
xxix