Wetlands and Habitats

311 Pages·2020·168.532 MB·\311

by  Yeqiao Wang (Editor)

Wetlands and Habitats
The Handbook of Natural Resources,
Second Edition
Series Editor:
Yeqiao Wang
Volume 1
Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Volume 2
Landscape and Land Capacity
Volume 3
Wetlands and Habitats
Volume 4
Fresh Water and Watersheds
Volume 5
Coastal and Marine Environments
Volume 6
Atmosphere and Climate
Wetlands and Habitats
Edited by
Yeqiao Wang
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-33419-9 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users.
For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been
arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Wang, Yeqiao, editor.
Title: Handbook of natural resources / edited by Yeqiao Wang.
Other titles: Encyclopedia of natural resources.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised
edition of: Encyclopedia of natural resources. [2014]. | Includes
bibliographical references and index. | Contents: volume 1. Ecosystems
and biodiversity — volume 2. Landscape and land capacity — volume 3.
Wetland and habitats — volume 4. Fresh water and watersheds — volume 5.
Coastal and marine environments — volume 6. Atmosphere and climate. |
Summary: “This volume covers topical areas of terrestrial ecosystems, their biodiversity, services,
and ecosystem management. Organized for ease of reference, the handbook provides fundamental
information on terrestrial systems and a complete overview on the impacts of climate change on
natural vegetation and forests. New to this edition are discussions on decision support systems,
biodiversity conservation, gross and net primary production, soil microbiology, and land surface
phenology. The book demonstrates the key processes, methods, and models used through several
practical case studies from around the world” — Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019051202 | ISBN 9781138333918 (volume 1 ; hardback) |
ISBN 9780429445651 (volume 1 ; ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Natural resources. | Land use. | Climatic changes.
Classification: LCC HC85 .E493 2020 | DDC 333.95—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019051202
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
About The Handbook of Natural Resources ...........................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii
Aims and Scope .......................................................................................................xv
Editor .....................................................................................................................xvii
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xix
Section i Riparian Zone and Management
1 Floodplain Management ...................................................................................3
French Wetmore
2 Floods: Riverine ...............................................................................................11
William Saunders, Alison MacNeil, and Edward Capone
3 Marshes: Salt and Brackish ..............................................................................19
Sally D. Hacker
4 Peatlands. .........................................................................................................27
Dale H. Vitt and Paul Short
5 Pollution: Nonpoint Source ............................................................................37
Ravendra Naidu, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Peter Dillon, Rai Kookana, Ray Correll, and
W. W. Wenzel
6 Riparian Wetlands: Mapping ...........................................................................41
Kristen C. Hychka
7 Riparian Zones: Groundwater Nitrate (NO −) Cycling ..................................47
3
D. Q. Kellogg
8 River Delta Processes and Shapes ...................................................................55
Douglas A. Edmonds and Rebecca L. Caldwell
9 Streams: Perennial and Seasonal ....................................................................67
Daniel von Schiller, Vicenç Acuña, and Sergi Sabater
v
vi Contents
10 Vernal Pool ......................................................................................................75
Peter W. C. Paton
11 GIS Analysis of Groundwater Salinity ............................................................81
Yuming Wen
12 Basic Evaluation Units and Physical Structural Integrality in Riparian
Zone Evaluation ..............................................................................................89
Bolin Fu, Yeqiao Wang, and Ying Li
13 Riparian Zones Evaluation: Remote Sensing ................................................101
Bolin Fu, Yeqiao Wang, and Ying Li
Section ii Wetland ecosystem
14 Cooling Effects of Urban and Peri-Urban Wetlands: Remote Sensing ........115
Zhenshan Xue, Zhongsheng Zhang, Caifeng Cheng, and Tingting Zhang
15 Ecosystem Service Decline in Response to Wetland Loss ............................125
Fengqin Yan and Shuwen Zhang
16 Wetlands .........................................................................................................131
Ralph W. Tiner
17 Wetlands: Biodiversity ...................................................................................137
Jean-Claude Lefeuvre and Virginie Bouchard
18 Wetlands: Classification ................................................................................143
Arnold G. van der Valk
19 Wetlands: Ecosystems ....................................................................................153
Sherri DeFauw
20 Wetlands: Freshwater .....................................................................................159
Brij Gopal
21 Wetlands: Tidal ..............................................................................................165
William H. Conner, Jamie A. Duberstein, and Andrew H. Baldwin
Section iii Wetland Assessment and Monitoring
22 Wetlands: Economic Value ............................................................................187
Gayatri Acharya
23 Wetlands: Indices of Biotic Integrity .............................................................193
Donald G. Uzarski, Neil T. Schock, Ryan L. Wheeler, Jacob M. Dybiec,
Anna M. Harrison, and Alexandra C. Mattingly
24 Wetlands: Remote Sensing .............................................................................201
Niti B. Mishra
25 Assessment of Health Status of Lake Wetland by Vegetation-Based
Index of Biotic Integrity (V-IBI) ....................................................................213
Wenjing Yang
Contents vii
26 Remote Sensing for Wetland Indices ............................................................225
Jason Yang
27 Wetland Mapping: Poyang Lake, Remote Sensing ....................................... 233
Jian Xu and Dan Gao
28 Wetland Conservation Efforts and Policy Impacts in China ......................239
Zongming Wang, Dehua Mao, and Mingming Jia
29 Water Dynamics of Floodpath Lakes and Wetlands: Remote Sensing ........247
Yeqiao Wang
30 Water-Level Variation of Poyang Lake: Remote Sensing ............................. 255
Shuhua Qi and Yeqiao Wang
Index .................................................................................................................... 269

Preface
Wetlands and Habitats is the third volume of The Handbook of Natural Resources, Second Edition
(HNR). This volume consists of 30 chapters authored by 52 contributors from 7 countries. The c ontents
are o rganized in three sections: Riparian Zone and Management (13 chapters); Wetland Ecosystem
(8 chapters); and Wetland Assessment and Monitoring (9 chapters).
Wetland is a universal term used to describe a variety of flooded or saturated environments. Wetlands
include a diverse assemblage of highly complex ecosystems subjected to hydrologic regimes, climatic
conditions, soil formation processes, geomorphologic settings, and support high rates of annual carbon
sequestration. The variety of seasonal and perennial wetlands provides environmental conditions for
highly distinctive fauna and flora.
Freshwater wetlands are habitats with vegetation especially adapted to prolonged water saturation
or shallow flooding of the soils. Wetlands are usually highly productive, support high biodiversity, and
provide numerous direct and indirect ecosystem services and societal benefits. Tidal wetlands are some
of the most dynamic areas of the Earth and are found at the interface between the land and sea. Salinity,
regular tidal flooding, and infrequent catastrophic flooding due to storm events result in complex inter-
actions among biotic and abiotic factors for tidal marshes, mangroves, and freshwater forested wetlands.
Riparian wetlands are critical ecosystems that perform functions and provide services disproportionate
to their extent in the landscape. Vegetated riparian zones are a common management practice used
to reduce nitrate delivery to coastal waters. Because of their position between terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, vegetated riparian zones provide opportunities for nitrate transformation before emerg-
ing to surface water. River deltas form on shorelines where sediment can accumulate faster than it is
taken away and are recognized by the presence of a distributary channel network that protrudes from
the shoreline. Peatlands, although occupying only 3% of the global terrestrial surface, hold 10% of the
world’s drinking water, and contain a thick layer of peat that stores about one-third of the Earth’s soil
carbon and 10% of the world’s soil nitrogen. Peatlands are sensitive to both climatic and anthropogenic
disturbances, which could change the long-term peatland carbon sink into a source of carbon to the
atmosphere. Wetlands are subject to alteration and loss. Humans have dramatically changed marshes
for agriculture, development, and resource extraction. The future of wetland resources depends on
conservation, restoration, and climate. Protection and conservation of wetland resources are among
priorities in land management decision and practice in all scales.
With the challenges and concerns, the 30 chapters in this volume cover topics in Wetland Ecosystem,
including wetland classification, ecosystems, biodiversity, fresh water and tidal wetlands, effects of wet-
lands in urban environment, and declining ecosystem service in responding of wetland loss; in Riparian
Zone and Management, including riverine floods, riparian wetlands, riparian zone groundwater nitrate
cycling, riparian wetland mapping, floodplain management, salt and brackish marshes, tidal wetlands,
peatlands, perennial and seasonal streams, vernal pool, nonpoint source pollution, groundwater salinity,
and assessment of environmental integrity of riparian zone; and in Wetland Assessment and Monitoring,
including wetland economic value, indices of biotic integrity (IBI), assessment of wetland health status
ix