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Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 Warfare and History General Editor Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter Published European warfare, 1660–1815 Jeremy Black The Great War, 1914–18 Spencer C. Tucker Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 Bruce Vandervort German armies: war and German politics, 1648–1806 Peter H. Wilson Air power in the age of total war John Buckley Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700 Rhoads Murphey European and Native American warfare, 1675–1795 Armstrong Starkey Vietnam Spencer C. Tucker Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 John France Forthcoming titles include: English warfare, 1511–1641 Mark Charles Fissel Seapower and naval warfare Richard Harding The Korean War Stanley Sandler Frontiersmen: warfare in Africa since 1950 Anthony Clayton Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 John France University of Wales, Swansea © John France 1999 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 1999 by UCL Press UCL Press Limited 1 Gunpowder Square London EC4A 3DE UK This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. The name of University College London (UCL) is a registered trade mark used by UCL Press with the consent of the owner. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available ISBNs: 1-85728-466-6 HB 1-85728-467-4 PB ISBN 0-203-00752-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-17348-1 (Glassbook Format) Contents Acknowledgements viii Plates and plans x 1 Proprietorial warfare 1 2 The weapons of war 16 3 War, society and technology 30 4 Warfare and authority 39 5 Men of war: cavalry 53 6 Men of war: infantry 64 7 The nature of the castle 77 8 Castles and war 96 9 Fortifications and siege 107 10 Armies 128 11 Commanders 139 12 Campaign, battle and tactics 150 v CONTENTS 13 Battle and the development of war 166 14 Europe, ideology and the outsider 187 15 Crusading and warfare in the Middle East 204 16 Perspectives 230 Appendix I: The Battle of Bouvines, 27 July 1214 235 List of Abbreviations 242 Notes 244 Bibliography 295 Index 321 vi To my wife, Angela, a veteran of many muddy fields. Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to an enormous number of people who have helped me in the writing of this book. In 1995 I was able, through the generosity of the British Academy, to travel in Italy and much of the Middle East. Subsequently, with help from the University of Wales, Swansea, I went to the Lebanon and revisited Syria. During these travels a large number of people provided a lot of practical help. In Italy, I would like, in particular, to thank the local authorities at Manerbio and Frascati, whose officers went out of their way to put their local knowledge at my disposal, and the librarians at Avezzano who took so much trouble over my queries. Peter Clark and his colleague, Hadeel Alahmad, at the British Council in Damascus were immensely helpful. Dr Alison McQuitty, Director of the British School at Amman, provided hospitality and helpful advice, as did Dr R. Harper, Director of the British School at Jerusalem, who also laid on a memorable tour of castles. Dr Mohammed Moain Sadek, Director of Tourism and Antiquities for the Palestinian National Authority, was kind enough to escort me around some fascinating sites in Gaza. In all these countries and others I was received with great kindness, for which I offer thanks. I must acknowledge great debts in terms of ideas. Professor J. C. Holt, though writing in a different context, first fixed my mind on the importance of landed property. I owe a great deal to the ideas of Professor John Gillingham, whose work on war has been so influential. It was thanks to Professor Bernie Bachrach that I was invited to address the Haskins Society at Houston, providing me with an opportunity to sharpen my ideas at a critical time: as a result of these discussions I owe a particular debt to Professor Richard Abels and Dr David Crouch. Kelly de Vries is a splendidly robust person to try ideas out on. Ronnie Ellenblum of Hebrew University was kind enough to share with me his enormous knowledge of crusader archaeology, while Denys viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pringle has generously provided much knowledge and assistance on crusader castles. On Middle Eastern warfare I owe a great deal to Yaacov Lev of Bar Ilan University. Valerie Eads was extraordinarily generous with her research on the wars of the Countess Mathilda of Tuscany and I look forward to it coming to fruition. I have been able to draw upon Matthew Strickland’s profound knowledge of the Anglo-Norman world. Numerous discussions with Matthew Bennett of the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst have contributed greatly to my knowledge of the nitty-gritty of medieval warfare. Dr David French, former Director of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, fixed the importance of roads in my mind, while Peter Edbury and Helen Nicholson of University of Wales, Cardiff have been extraordinarily helpful. Professor Malcolm Barber of Reading University and his colleague, Tom Asbridge, have both provided much stimulation. I owe a great debt to Jonathon Phillips of Royal Holloway who runs the Crusades Seminar so well. Susan Edgington kindly allowed me to use her forthcoming edition of Albert of Aachen and provided many references. A. V. Murray of the University of Leeds was relentless in the pursuit of bibliography on my behalf. Andrew Lambert of King’s College stimulated my interest in the Lebanon. Professor Gerrit Schutten of Groningen was kind enough to provide assistance on maritime history. I owe special thanks to Professor Bernard Hamilton who read Chapter 1 and improved it enormously, and to my colleagues Bill Zajac and I. W. Rowlands who looked at many parts of the text and were generous with their time and knowledge. I must thank Professor Jean Richard, Professor Michel Balard, Professor J. Riley-Smith and Professor Gérard Dédéyan, for their kindness and encouragement at various times. Professor David Eastwood and my colleagues in the History Department of University of Wales, Swansea deserve thanks for putting up with my enthusiasms. For all these ideas and advice I am enormously grateful, but of course responsibility for the material is mine alone. All scholars rely heavily on learned institutions and libraries. The staff of the University of Wales, Swansea library, Cambridge University Library and the Institute of Historical Research have been extraordinarily helpful, but I must also thank those who work at the British Library and the National Library of Wales. The staff of UCL Press have given me considerable and useful guidance, and the General Editor of this series, Professor Jeremy Black, has been a great inspiration. ix

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