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JOHN COTTINGHAM WESTERN PH LOSOPHY I AN ANTHOLOGY M Blackwell Publishing WesternPhilosophy BLACKWELLPHILOSOPHYANTHOLOGIES Eachvolumeinthisoutstandingseriesprovidesanauthoritativeandcomprehensivecollectionof theessentialprimaryreadingsfromphilosophy’smainfieldsofstudy.Designedtocomplementthe BlackwellCompanionstoPhilosophyseries,eachvolumerepresentsanunparalleledresourceinits ownright,andwillprovidetheidealplatformforcourseuse. 1 Cottingham:WesternPhilosophy:AnAnthology(secondedition) 2 Cahoone:FromModernismtoPostmodernism:AnAnthology(expandedsecondedition) 3 LaFollette:EthicsinPractice:AnAnthology(thirdedition) 4 GoodinandPettit:ContemporaryPoliticalPhilosophy:AnAnthology(secondedition) 5 Eze:AfricanPhilosophy:AnAnthology 6 McNeillandFeldman:ContinentalPhilosophy:AnAnthology 7 KimandSosa:Metaphysics:AnAnthology 8 LycanandPrinz:MindandCognition:AnAnthology(thirdedition) 9 KuhseandSinger:Bioethics:AnAnthology(secondedition) 10 CumminsandCummins:Minds,Brains,andComputers-TheFoundationsofCognitiveScience: AnAnthology 11 Sosa,Kim,Fantl,andMcGrath:Epistemology:AnAnthology(secondedition) 12 KearneyandRasmussen:ContinentalAesthetics-RomanticismtoPostmodernism:AnAnthology 13 MartinichandSosa:AnalyticPhilosophy:AnAnthology 14 facquette:PhilosophyofLogic:AnAnthology 15 Jacquette:PhilosophyofMathematics:AnAnthology 16 Harris,Pratt,andWaters:AmericanPhilosophies:AnAnthology 17 EmmanuelandGoold:ModernPhilosophy-FromDescartestoNietzsche:AnAnthology 18 ScharffandDusek:PhilosophyofTechnology-TheTechnologicalCondition:AnAnthology 19 LightandRolston:EnvironmentalEthics:AnAnthology 20 TaliaferroandGriffiths:PhilosophyofReligion:AnAnthology 21 LamarqueandOlsen:AestheticsandthePhilosophyofArt-TheAnalyticTradition:AnAnthology 22 JohnandLopes:PhilosophyofLiterature-ContemporaryandClassicReadings:AnAnthology 23 CuddandAndreasen:FeministTheory:APhilosophicalAnthology 24 CarrollandChoi:PhilosophyofFilmandMotionPictures:AnAnthology 25 Lange:PhilosophyofScience:AnAnthology 26 Shafer-LandauandCuneo:FoundationsofEthics:AnAnthology 27 Curren:PhilosophyofEducation:AnAnthology 28 Shafer-Landau:EthicalTheory:AnAnthology 29 CahnandMeskin:Aesthetics:AComprehensiveAnthology Western Philosophy An Anthology Secondedition Edited by John Cottingham Blackwell Publishing Editorialmaterialandorganization©1996,2008byBlackwellPublishingLtd BLACKWELLPUBLISHING 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK 550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia TherightofJohnCottinghamtobeidentifiedastheAuthoroftheEditorialMaterialinthisWork hasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct 1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks. Allbrandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks, trademarks,orregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnot associatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformation inregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthat thepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessional adviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofa competentprofessionalshouldbesought. Firsteditionpublished1996byBlackwellPublishersLtd Secondeditionpublished2008byBlackwellPublishingLtd 1 2008 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Westernphilosopp.hcym:.a-n(aBnltahcoklwoeglyl/pheidliotseodpbhyyJaonthhnolCoogtiteisn)gham.-2nded. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4051-241.77P-h5il(ohsaorpdhcyo-vIenrtr:oadlukc.tpiaopnesr.)I.-CIoStBtiNn9g7h8a-m1,-J4o0h5n1,-21497483--2(pbk.:alk.paper) BD21.W432008 190-dc22 2007025829 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin10.5/12.5ptMinion bySPiPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundinSingapore byCOSPrintersPteLtd Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestry policy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementary chlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboard usedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards. Forfurtherinformationon BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com JohnCottingham’s WesternPhilosophy:AnAnthology Praiseforthefirstedition ‘Itisdifficulttoimaginehowthisvolumecouldbeimproveduponastheverybesthistoricallybased anthologyoftheessentialphilosophicalwritings.Cottingham’scommentaryandintroductionsare extremelyclearandhelpful.Itwillprovideanidealtextforanexcellentintroductorycoursein philosophy’.ChristopherHookway,UniversityofSheffield ‘Thisvolumeisasuperbresourceforbeginningstudentsandtheirteachers.Notonlyisitan excellentanthology-acomprehensive,well-chosen,well-editedcollectionofclassictexts,from PlatotoSartre,AristotletoRawls-itisalsoaperspicuoussystematicpresentationofthesubject, owingtotheeditor’sskilfulprovisionofintroductorymaterialandnotes.Judiciouslyannotatedlists ofsupplementaryreadingsfurtherenhancethevalueofthisoutstandingvolume.’VereChappell, UniversityofMassachusetts ‘InthisanthologythehighlyrespectedphilosopherJohnCottinghamhasassembled100classic selectionsfromPlatotoParfit.Donewithcareandconsiderableexpertisetheresultisarguablythe bestsingle-volumeintroductiontothewritingsofWesternphilosophy.’JohnHaldane,University ofStAndrews ‘Atrulyoutstandingcollection.Anexcellentcoursebookwhichdoublesasasolidreferencevolume. Theclarityofthecommentarymakestheseclassicreadingsvividandaccessibletostudents.’ GeorgeGraham,UniversityofAlabama ‘Byprovidingthemeanstoappreciatephilosophyasthegreathistoricalodysseyofthehuman intellect,thisambitiousanthologymakesphilosophycomealiveforstudentsandgeneralreaders alike.’DavidCooper,UniversityofDurham ForJCCandfamily, andInMemoriamVXG