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Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 PDF

442 Pages·2008·133.147 MB·English
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spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page i V O L U M E A : T O 1 5 0 0 S E V E N T H E D I T I O N WESTERN CIVILIZATION spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page ii spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page iii V O L U M E A : T O 1 5 0 0 S E V E N T H E D I T I O N WESTERN CIVILIZATION Jackson J. Spielvogel The Pennsylvania State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain United Kingdom • United States spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page iv Western Civilization,Volume A:To 1500,Seventh Edition Jackson J.Spielvogel Publisher:Clark Baxter Permissions Editor:Tim Sisler Senior Acquisitions Editor:Ashley Dodge Production Service:Orr Book Services Senior Development Editor:Margaret McAndrew Beasley Text Designer:Kathleen Cunningham Assistant Editor:Ashley Spicer Photo Researcher:Abigail Baxter Editorial Assistant:Heidi Kador Copy Editor:Patricia Lewis Associate Development Project Manager:Lee McCracken Cover Designer:Kathleen Cunningham Executive Marketing Manager:Diane Wenckebach Cover Image:Breadseller in Public Square,Fresco from House Marketing Assistant:Aimee Lewis ofthe Baker,Pompeii,Italy.Imperial Rome,27 BCE–396 ce.Museo Lead Marketing Communications Manager:Tami Strang Archeologico Nazionale,Naples,Italy Senior Production Manager:Michael Burggren Scala/Art Resource,NY Senior Content Project Manager:Lauren Wheelock Cover/Text Printer:Transcontinental Printing Senior Art Director:Cate Rickard Barr Compositor:International Typesetting and Composition Manufacturing Manager:Marcia Locke © 2009,2006 Thomson Wadsworth,a part ofThe Thomson Corporation. Thomson Higher Education Thomson,the Star logo,and Wadsworth are trademarks used herein 10 Davis Drive under license. Belmont,CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, For more information about our products,contact us at: electronic,or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,taping, Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center Web distribution,information storage and retrieval systems,or in any 1-800-423-0563 other manner—without the written permission ofthe publisher. For permission to use material from this text or product, Printed in Canada submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to [email protected]. ExamView® and ExamView Pro® are registered trademarks of © 2009 Thomson Learning,Inc.All Rights Reserved. FSCreations,Inc.Windows is a registered trademark ofthe Microsoft Thomson Learning WebTutor™ is a trademark ofThomson Corporation used herein under license.Macintosh and Power Learning,Inc. Macintosh are registered trademarks ofApple Computer,Inc.Used herein under license. Library ofCongress Control Number:2007941631 ISBN-13:978-0-495-50288-3 ISBN-10:0-495-50288-X spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page v ABOUT THE AUTHOR JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Edu- cation, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, the Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civiliza- tion courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (fifth edition, 2005). He is the coauthor (with William Duiker) of World History, first published in 1998 (fifth edition, 2007), and The Essential World History (third edition, 2008). Professor Spielvogel has won five major university-wide teaching awards. He held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award, in 1988–1989. In 1996 he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award. This page intentionally left blank spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page vii TO DIANE, WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page viii BRIEF CONTENTS DOCUMENTS xiv 7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE MAPS xvii OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 179 CHRONOLOGIES xix 8 EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY PREFACE xxi MIDDLE AGES, 750–1000 213 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv 9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 243 CIVILIZATION xxix 10 THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF CHURCH POWER 271 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND 1 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CIVILIZATIONS 1 CENTURY 303 2 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: PEOPLES AND 12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE EMPIRES 34 RENAISSANCE 337 3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 55 GLOSSARY 373 4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 89 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 381 5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 113 PHOTO CREDITS 393 INDEX 395 6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE 147 viii spielvogel_049550288X_FM.qxd 11/23/06 2:02 PM Page ix DETAILED CONTENTS DOCUMENTS xiv The Spiritual Dimensions ofIsrael 36 The Social Structure ofthe Hebrews 39 MAPS xvii CHRONOLOGIES xix The Neighbors ofthe Israelites 41 PREFACE xxi The Assyrian Empire 42 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv Organization ofthe Empire 43 The Assyrian Military Machine 43 INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN Assyrian Society and Culture 45 CIVILIZATION xxix The Neo-Babylonian Empire 46 1 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: The Persian Empire 46 THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 1 Cyrus the Great 47 Expanding the Empire 48 The First Humans 2 Governing the Empire 49 The Hunter-Gatherers ofthe Old Stone Age 2 The Great King 50 The Neolithic Revolution (c.10,000–4000 B.C.) 3 Persian Religion 51 The Emergence ofCivilization 5 Conclusion 52 Notes 53 Civilization in Mesopotamia 7 Suggestions for Further Reading 54 The City-States ofAncient Mesopotamia 7 Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 9 3 THE CIVILIZATION The Code ofHammurabi 10 The Culture ofMesopotamia 12 OF THE GREEKS 55 Egyptian Civilization:“The Gift ofthe Nile” 15 Early Greece 56 The Impact ofGeography 16 Minoan Crete 56 The Old and Middle Kingdoms 17 The First Greek State:Mycenae 57 Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 20 The Greeks in a Dark Age (c.1100–c.750 B.C.) 58 The Culture ofEgypt 21 Homer and Homeric Greece 59 Disorder and a New Order:The New Kingdom 23 Homer’s Enduring Importance 60 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Akhenaten’s HYMNTOATEN and Psalm 104 The World ofthe Greek City-States of the Hebrew Bible 25 (c.750–c.500 B.C.) 61 Daily Life in Ancient Egypt 26 The Polis 61 On the Fringes ofCivilization 28 Colonization and the Growth ofTrade 62 IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Tyranny in the GreekPolis 63 The Egyptian Diet 29 Sparta 64 The Impact ofthe Indo-Europeans 30 Athens 66 The Hittite Empire 30 Greek Culture in the Archaic Age 67 Conclusion 31 The High Point ofGreek Civilization: Notes 32 Classical Greece 69 Suggestions for Further Reading 32 The Challenge ofPersia 69 The Growth ofan Athenian Empire 72 2 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: The Great Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.) 73 PEOPLES AND EMPIRES 34 The Decline ofthe Greek States (404–338 B.C.) 76 Culture and Society ofClassical Greece 76 The Hebrews:“The Children ofIsrael” 35 The Writing ofHistory 76 The United Kingdom 35 Greek Drama 77 The Divided Kingdom 35 The Arts:The Classical Ideal 78 ix

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