Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789

514 Pages·2008·28.44 MB·English

by  Marvin Perry, Margaret Jacob, James Jacob, Myrna Chase, Theodore H. Von Laue

Volume 1: To 1789
Western Civilization
Ideas, Politics, and Society
Ninth Edition
Marvin Perry
Baruch College, City University of New York
Myrna Chase
Baruch College, City University of New York
James R. Jacob
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York
Margaret C. Jacob
University of California, Los Angeles
Theodore H. Von Laue
Late of Clark University
George W. Bock, Editorial Associate
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
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Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine
Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates Page 12: From James B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near
Associate Editor: Adrienne Zicht East. Copyright © 1974 by Princeton University Press. Re-
Senior Project Editor: Jane Lee printed by permission of Princeton University Press.
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Cover Image: Luca Signorelli, 1441–1523. Dante.
Fresco, 1500–1503. Duomo, Orvieto, Italy/Scala/
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Art Resource, N.Y.
An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near
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tion storage and retrieval system without the prior written JPS Translation According to the Traditional Hebrew
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is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. With the Used by permission.
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for further uses of copyrighted selections reprinted in this Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1946,
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931150 pp. 174–175. Reproduced by permission of Penguin
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ISBN 10: 0-547-14742-2
Pages 66–67: From The History of the Peloponnesian
123456789-DOC-12 11 10 09 08 War by Thucydides, translated by Rex Warner, with an
introduction and notes by M. I. Finley. Translation copy-
right © Rex Warner, 1954. Introduction and Appendices
copyright © M. I. Finley, 1972. Reproduced by permission
of Penguin Books Ltd.
Page 88: From Sappho, “A Girl,” in The Oxford Book of
Greek Verse in Translation, by T. F. Higham and C. M.
Bowra (eds.) 1930, p. 211. By permission of Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
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Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from Sophocles’ King
Oedipus, Bernard M.W. Knox, Translator. Copyright ©
1959, and renewed © 1987, by Bernard M.W. Knox.
Pages 91–92: From Aeschylus, The Persians, translated
by Anthony J. Podlecki. Copyright © 1991, published by
Bristal Classical Press (Duckworth). Used by permission of
the author.
Brief Contents
Maps xii Byzantium, Islam,
and Latin Christendom 198
Chronologies xii
Preface xiii Chapter 10
The High Middle Ages:
Part One Vitality and Renewal 226
The Ancient World: Foundation Chapter 11
The Flowering of Medieval
of the West to A.D. 500 2
Culture: The Christian
Chapter 1 Synthesis 253
The Ancient Near East:
Chapter 12
The First Civilizations 4
The Late Middle Ages:
Chapter 2 Crisis and Dissolution 273
The Hebrews: A New View of God
Part Three
and the Individual 31
Chapter 3 Early Modern Europe: From
The Greek City-State:
Renaissance to Enlightenment,
Democratic Politics 49
1350–1789 290
Chapter 4
Chapter 13
Greek Thought:
The Renaissance: Transition
From Myth to Reason 73
to the Modern Age 292
Chapter 5
Chapter 14
The Hellenistic Age:
The Reformation: The Shattering
Cultural Diffusion 101
of Christian Unity 315
Chapter 6
Chapter 15
The Roman Republic:
European Expansion: Economic
City-State to World Empire 117
and Social Transformations 340
Chapter 7
Chapter 16
The Roman Empire:
The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition
A World-State 140
to the Modern State 370
Chapter 8
Chapter 17
Early Christianity:
The Scientific Revolution:
A World Religion 170
The Universe Seen
Part Two as a Mechanism 400
Chapter 18
The Middle Ages: The Christian
The Age of Enlightenment:
Centuries, 500–1400 196
Reason and Reform 419
Chapter 9
iii
The Heirs of Rome: Index I-1
Contents
Maps xi Profile: Hatchepsut 20
Chronologies xi Empire Builders 21
Preface xii Hittites 21
Small Nations 22
Acknowledgments xvi
Assyria 23
Map Essay before Part One
The Neo-Babylonian Empire 24
Persia: Unifier of the Near East 24
Part One
The Religious Orientation of the
The Ancient World: Foundation Near East 26
A Mythmaking Worldview 26
of the West to A.D. 500 2
Near Eastern Achievements 28
Chapter 1 Primary Source: Mythical Thinking 29
The Ancient Near East:
The First Civilizations 4 Chapter 2
The Hebrews: A New View of God
Prehistory 5
and the Individual 31
The Rise to Civilization 8
Outline of Hebrew History 32
Mesopotamian Civilization 9
The Israelite Kingdom 33
Religion: The Basis of Mesopotamian
Conquest, Captivity, and Restoration 35
Civilization 11
The Hebrew Scriptures 36
Government, Law, and Economy 13
God: One, Sovereign, Transcendent,
Writing, Mathematics, Astronomy, and
Good 37
Medicine 14
The Individual and Moral Autonomy 39
Egyptian Civilization 14
From the Old Kingdom to the Middle The Covenant and the Law 40
Kingdom 15 The Hebrew Idea of History 41
Religion: The Basis of Egyptian
The Prophets 42
Civilization 16
Social Justice 43
Divine Kingship 17
Profile: Jeremiah 44
Science and Mathematics 18
The New Kingdom and the Decline of Universalism 44
Egyptian Civilization 19 Individualism 45
iv
Contents ❖ v
The Legacy of the Ancient Jews 46 Profile: Hesiod 90
Primary Source: Isaiah and Social Aeschylus 90
Justice 47 Sophocles 92
Euripides 93
Chapter 3 Aristophanes 93
The Greek City-State:
History 94
Democratic Politics 49
Herodotus 95
Early Aegean Civilizations 51 Thucydides 96
The Rise of Hellenic Civilization 52 The Greek Achievement: Reason, Freedom,
Homer, Shaper of the Greek Spirit 53 Humanism 97
Greek Religion 55 Primary Source: Euripides, Medea 99
The Evolution of the City-State 56
The Break with Theocratic Chapter 5
Politics 56 The Hellenistic Age:
Sparta: A Garrison State 57 Cultural Diffusion 101
Athens: The Rise of Democracy 57 Alexander the Great 104
Athenian Greatness 60 Hellenistic Society 104
The Persian Wars 60 Competing Dynasties 104
The Mature Athenian Democracy 61 Cosmopolitanism 105
Pericles: Symbol of Athenian
Hellenistic Culture 107
Democracy 65
Literature, History, and Art 107
The Decline of the City-States 65 Science 108
The Peloponnesian War 65 Philosophy 109
The Fourth Century 67
Profile: Polybius 110
The Dilemma of Greek Politics 68
Primary Source: Epicureanism:
Profile: Demosthenes 68 Living Well 114
Primary Source: Pericles on The Hellenistic Legacy 116
Athenian Greatness 71
Chapter 6
Chapter 4 The Roman Republic:
Greek Thought: City-State to World Empire 117
From Myth to Reason 73
Evolution of the Roman Constitution 118
Philosophy 74
Roman Expansion to 146 b.c. 122
The Cosmologists: A Rational Inquiry
The Uniting of Italy 122
into Nature 75
Conquest of the Mediterranean
The Sophists: A Rational Investigation of
World 123
Human Society 77
Consequences of Expansion 125
Socrates: The Rational Individual 79
Culture in the Republic 128
Plato: The Rational Society 82
Aristotle: A Synthesis of Greek Collapse of the Republic 130
Thought 85 Profile: Cleopatra 132
Art 88 Crisis in Agriculture 132
Poetry and Drama 88 The Gracchan Revolution 133
vi ❖ Contents
Rival Generals 134 The Spread and Triumph of
Julius Caesar 135 Christianity 178
The Republic’s Last Years 137 The Appeal of Christianity 178
Primary Source: Polybius, Profile: Blandina 180
The Roman Army 138 Christianity and Rome 180
Christianity and Greek
Chapter 7 Philosophy 181
The Roman Empire:
The Growth of Christian Organization,
A World-State 140
Doctrine, and Attitudes 183
Augustus and the Foundations of the The Primacy of the Bishop
Roman Empire 141 of Rome 184
The Pax Romana 145 The Rise of Monasticism 184
Scriptural Tradition and Doctrinal
Profile: Epictetus 146
Disputes 184
The Successors of Augustus 146
Christianity and Society 185
“The Time of Happiness” 148
Christianity and the Jews 186
Roman Culture and Law During the Pax
Saint Augustine: The Christian
Romana 151
Worldview 187
Signs of Trouble 156
Christianity and Classical Humanism:
Internal Unrest 156
Alternative Worldviews 190
Social and Economic Weaknesses 157
Cultural Stagnation and Primary Source: Saint Benedict of Nursia,
Transformation 157 The Christian Way of Life 193
The Spread of Mystery Religions 158
The Spiritualization of
Part Two
Philosophy 159
The Decline of Rome 160 The Middle Ages: The Christian
Third-Century Crisis 160 Centuries, 500–1400 196
Diocletian and Constantine:
The Regimented State 161
Chapter 9
Tribal Migrations and Invasions 162
The Heirs of Rome: Byzantium,
Reasons for Rome’s Decline 164
Islam, and Latin Christendom 198
The Roman Legacy 167
Byzantine Civilization: The Medieval
Primary Source: Aelius Aristides, Christian East 199
The Blessings of the Pax Romana 168 Imperial Growth and Decline 200
The Bequest of Byzantium 204
Chapter 8
Islamic Civilization: Its Development and
Early Christianity:
Dissemination 204
A World Religion 170
The Prophet: The Founding of a
The Origins of Christianity 171 New Religion 204
Judaism in the First Century b.c. 172 The Muslim State and Society 206
Jesus: The Inner Person 174 The Muslim Golden Age 206
Saint Paul: From a Jewish Sect to a Mongol Invasions and Ottoman
World Religion 175 Dominance 208
Contents ❖ vii
Art Essay: The Art of the Ancient World and Profile: Saladin 246
the Middle Ages after 208 Innocent III: The Apex of Papal
Latin Christendom: The Rise of Europe 209 Power 249
Political and Economic Christians and Jews 249
Transformation 209
Primary Source: Pope Innocent III, “Royal
The Waning of Classical Culture 210
Power Derives Its Dignity from the Pontifical
The Church: Shaper of Medieval Authority” 252
Civilization 212
The Church as Unifier 212
Monks and the Papacy 212 Chapter 11
The Flowering of Medieval Culture:
The Kingdom of the Franks 214
The Christian Synthesis 253
The Era of Charlemagne 216
The Revival of Learning 254
Profile: Saint Boniface 216
The Medieval Worldview 256
Carolingian Renaissance 217
The Universe: Higher and Lower
The Breakup of Charlemagne’s
Worlds 257
Empire 218
The Individual: Sinful but
Medieval Society 219
Redeemable 258
Vassalage 220
Philosophy-Theology 258
Feudal Law 220
Saint Anselm and Abelard 259
Feudal Warriors 221
Noblewomen 222 Profile: Abelard and Héloise 260
Agrarian Life 223 The Recovery of Aristotle 261
Primary Source: Bishop Adalbero of Laon, Saint Thomas Aquinas: Synthesis of
The Tripartite Society 224 Christian Belief and Reason 262
Strict Aristotelianism: The Challenge to
Orthodoxy 264
Chapter 10
The High Middle Ages: Science 264
Vitality and Renewal 226 The Recovery of Roman Law 266
Economic Expansion 227 Literature 266
Agricultural Revolution 227 Architecture 269
The Revival of Trade 229
Primary Source: Peter Abelard, The Synthesis
The Rebirth of Towns 230
of Reason and Faith 271
The Rise of States 233
England 233
France 235 Chapter 12
The Late Middle Ages:
Germany 237
Crisis and Dissolution 273
The Emergence of Representative
Institutions 237 An Age of Adversity 274
The Growth of Papal Power 238 Economic Problems, the Black Death, and
The Sacraments 238 Social Tension 274
Gregorian Reform 239 The Hundred Years’ War 277
The Crusades 240 The Decline of the Papacy 277
Dissenters and Reformers 245 Conflict with France 277
viii ❖ Contents
The Great Schism and the Conciliar Chapter 14
Movement 279 The Reformation: The Shattering
Fourteenth-Century Heresies 280 of Christian Unity 315
The Breakup of the Thomistic The Medieval Church in Crisis 317
Synthesis 280 Wycliffe and Hus 318
Mysticism and Humanism 318
The Middle Ages and the Modern World:
The End of the World 319
Continuity and Discontinuity 281
The Lutheran Revolt 320
Profile: Joan of Arc 284
Luther: Humanist, Prophet, and
Primary Source: Jean de Venette, The Black
Conservative 320
Death 286
Luther’s Break with Catholicism 320
But Who Is Saved? 322
Part Three The Creation and Spread of
Lutheranism 322
Early Modern Europe: From
Religious Reform or Social
Renaissance to Enlightenment, Revolution? 323
1350–1789 290 Profile: Katharina von Bora 324
The Spread of the Reformation 326
Chapter 13 Calvin and Calvinism 327
The Renaissance: Transition France 329
to the Modern Age 292 England 330
Southern and Eastern Europe 332
Italy: The Birthplace of the
The Radical Reformation 333
Renaissance 294
The Catholic Response 334
The Political Evolution of the
City-States 295 The Reformation and the Modern Age 336
Renaissance Society 298 Primary Source: Martin Luther, Disputation
The Renaissance Outlook: Humanism and of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and
Secular Politics 299 Efficacy of Indulgences (1517) 337
Humanism 299
A Revolution in Political Chapter 15
Thought 303 European Expansion: Economic and
Social Transformations 340
Profile: A Renaissance Man 304
European Expansion 342
Art Essay: The Renaissance after 304
Forces Behind Expansion 342
The Spread of the Renaissance 306
The Portuguese Empire 344
Erasmian Humanism 308
The Spanish Empire 346
French Humanism 309
Profile: Bartolomé de las Casas 348
Spanish Humanism 310
English Humanism 310 Black Slavery and the Slave Trade 349
The Renaissance and the The Price Revolution 350
Modern Age 311 The Expansion of Agriculture 352
Primary Source: Leonardo Bruni, The Old Pattern of Farming 352
Study of Greek Literature and a Humanist Enclosure 352
Educational Program 312 Convertible Husbandry 354
Contents ❖ ix
Agricultural Change in Eastern The English Revolutions, 1640–1660 and
Europe 354 1688–1689 387
The Expansion of Trade and Profile: Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Industry 355 (1558–1603) 388
The Domestic System 355 The Netherlands: A Bourgeois
Innovations in Business 356 Republic 391
Patterns of Commercial
The Holy Roman Empire: The Failure to
Development 356
Unify Germany 393
The Growth of Capitalism 359
The Emergence of Austria
What Is Capitalism? 359
and Prussia 394
The Fostering of Mercantile
Austria 394
Capitalism 360
Prussia 395
The Elite and the People 361
Russia: Great Nobles and Starving
Traditional Popular Culture 361
Peasants 396
The Reform of Popular Culture 362
Witchcraft and the Witch Craze 364 The State and Modern Political
Development 397
Economic and Social
Transformations 366 Primary Source: Louis XIV, Instructions for
the Dauphin 399
Primary Source: Seventeenth-Century
Slave Traders: Buying and Transporting
Chapter 17
Africans 367
The Scientific Revolution:
The Universe Seen
Chapter 16 as a Mechanism 400
The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition
Medieval Cosmology 402
to the Modern State 370
A New View of Nature 403
Monarchs and Elites as State Builders 373
Renaissance Neo-Platonism 403
The Rise and Fall of Hapsburg Spain 374 Magic and the Search for Nature 404
Ferdinand and Isabella: Unity and Purity of The Copernican Revolution 404
“Blood” and Religion 374 The Laws of Planetary Motion:
The Reign of Charles V: Hapsburg, Tycho and Kepler 405
King of Spain, and Holy Roman Galileo: Experimental Physics 406
Emperor 376
The Newtonian Synthesis: Experiment,
Philip II 376
Mathematics, and Theory 408
The End of the Spanish Hapsburgs 378
Biology, Medicine, and Chemistry 409
The Growth of French Power 379
Bacon and Descartes: Prophets of the
Religion and the French State 379
New Science 411
Louis XIV: The Consolidation of French
Monarchical Power 381 Bacon 411
Descartes 411
The Growth of Limited Monarchy and
Constitutionalism in England 385 The Social Implications of the Scientific
The English Parliament and Revolution 414
Constitution 385 The Meaning of the Scientific
The Tudor Achievement 386 Revolution 415