Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume II: Since 1560, Advantage Edition, Sixth Edition PDF
Preview Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume II: Since 1560, Advantage Edition, Sixth Edition
Western Civilization Beyond Boundaries Sixth Edition ADVANTAGE EDITION VOLUME II Since 1560 Thomas F. X. Noble University of Notre Dame Barry Strauss Cornell University Duane J. Osheim University of Virginia Kristen B. Neuschel Duke University Elinor A. Accampo University of Southern California David D. Roberts University of Georgia William B. Cohen Late of Indiana University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Western Civilization: Beyond © 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Boundaries, Volume II: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Since 1560, Advantage Edition, copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used Sixth Edition in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Thomas F. X. Noble, Barry including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, Strauss, Duane J. Osheim, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or Kristen B. Neuschel, Elinor information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted A. Accampo, David D. Roberts, under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, William B. Cohen without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Brief Contents 15 Europe in the Age of Religious Wars, 1560–1648 414 16 Europe in the Age of Louis XIV, ca. 1640–1715 446 17 A Revolution in Worldview 478 18 Europe on the Threshold of Modernity, ca. 1715–1789 505 19 An Age of Revolution, 1789–1815 537 20 The Industrial Transformation of Europe, 1750–1850 568 21 Restoration, Reform, and Revolution, 1814–1848 589 22 Nationalism and Political Reform, 1850–1880 619 23 The Age of Optimism, 1850–1880 645 24 Imperialism and Escalating Tensions, 1880–1914 668 25 War and Revolution, 1914–1919 695 26 The Illusion of Stability, 1919–1930 726 27 The Tortured Decade, 1930–1939 754 28 The Era of the Second World War, 1939–1949 783 29 An Anxious Stability: The Age of the Cold War, 1949–1989 818 30 A Continuing Experiment: The West and the World Since 1989 851 iii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents Preface xiv About the Authors xxviii 15 Imperial Spain and the Limits of Royal Power 415 EUROPE IN THE AGE The Revolt of the Netherlands 415 Successes at Home and Around the Mediterranean 420 OF RELIGIOUS WARS, Spain in Decline, 1600–1648 422 1560–1648 Religious and Political Conflict in France and 414 England 422 The French Religious Wars, 1562–1598 423 The Consolidation of Royal Authority in France, 1598–1643 424 Precarious Stability in England: The Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603 426 Rising Tensions in England, 1603–1642 429 The Holy Roman Empire and the Thirty Years’ War 431 Fragile Peace in the Holy Roman Empire, 1556–1618 432 The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 432 The Effects of the War 435 Economic Change and Social Tensions 437 Economic Transformation and Social Change 437 Coping with Poverty and Violence 439 The Hunt for Witches 440 Writing, Drama, and Art in an Age of Upheaval 441 Literacy and Literature 441 The Great Age of Theater 442 Drama, Art, and Political Thought 443 IMPORTANT EVENTS 444 16 France in the Age of Absolutism 447 EUROPE IN THE AGE The Last Challenge to Absolutism: The Fronde, 1648–1653 448 OF LOUIS XIV, France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715 449 CA. 1640–1715 The Life of the Court 451 446 The Burdens of War and the Limits of Power 452 The English Civil War and Its Aftermath 455 Civil War, 1642–1649 455 The Interregnum, 1649–1660 456 iv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents v The Restoration, 1660–1685 458 The Glorious Revolution, 1688 459 New Powers in Central and Eastern Europe 462 The Consolidation of Austria 462 The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia 464 Competition Around the Baltic 465 Russia Under Peter the Great 467 The Expansion of Overseas Trade and Settlement 469 The Growth of Trading Empires: The Success of the Dutch 469 The “Golden Age” of the Netherlands 470 The Growth of Atlantic Commerce 471 Early Colonies in North America 473 The Impact of Trade and Warfare Within Europe 476 IMPORTANT EVENTS 476 17 The Revolution in Astronomy, 1543–1632 479 A REVOLUTION IN The Inherited Worldview 480 The Challenge by Copernicus 482 WORLDVIEW The First Copernican Astronomers 483 478 Galileo and the Triumph of Copernicanism 485 The Scientific Revolution Expands, ca. 1600–1700 487 The Uses of the New Science 487 Scientific Thought in France 489 Science and Revolution in England 491 The Achievement of Isaac Newton 492 Developments in Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine 494 The New Science in Context: Society, Politics, and Religion 496 The Beginnings of Scientific Professionalism 496 Women Scientists and Institutional Constraints 497 The New Science, the State, and the Church 498 The New Science and Political Thought at the End of the Seventeenth Century 501 IMPORTANT EVENTS 503 18 The Enlightenment 506 EUROPE ON THE Voltaire: The Quintessential Philosophe 507 The Variety of Enlightenment Thought 508 THRESHOLD OF The Growth of Public Opinion 512 MODERNITY, The Arts in the Age of Reason 514 CA. 1715–1789 European States in the Age of Enlightenment 516 505 France During the Enlightenment 516 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. vi Contents Monarchy and Parliament in Great Britain 518 “Enlightened” Monarchy 520 The Widening World of Trade and Production 523 The Atlantic World: Expanding Commerce and the Slave Trade 525 The Growth of Industry 528 The Widening World of Warfare 529 The Pattern of War Within Europe 529 Great Britain and France: Wars Overseas 531 The Costs of Warfare 534 IMPORTANT EVENTS 535 19 The Origins of Revolution, 1775–1789 538 AN AGE OF Revolutionary Movements in Europe 539 The American Revolution and the Kingdom REVOLUTION, of France 540 1789–1815 The Crisis of the Old Regime 541 537 The Estates General 543 1789: A Revolution Begins 544 The Phases of the Revolution, 1789–1799 547 The First Phase Completed, 1789–1791 547 The Second Phase and Foreign War, 1791–1793 549 The Faltering Republic and the Terror, 1793–1794 551 The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory, 1794–1799 554 The Napoleonic Era and the Legacy of Revolution, 1799–1815 555 Napoleon: From Soldier to Emperor, 1799–1804 556 Conquering Europe, 1805–1810 558 Defeat and Abdication, 1812–1815 561 The Legacy of Revolution for France and the World 563 IMPORTANT EVENTS 567 20 Preconditions for Industrialization 569 THE INDUSTRIAL Why Europe? 569 Transformations Accompanying Industrialization 570 TRANSFORMATION Britain’s Lead in Industrial Innovation 571 OF EUROPE, New Modes of Production 572 1750–1850 Mass Production 572 568 New Energy Sources and Their Impacts 574 Inventors and Entrepreneurs 575 The Spread of Industry to the Continent 575 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents vii Social, Cultural, and Environmental Impacts 578 Urbanization and Its Discontents 578 Social Class and Family Life 580 The Land, the Water, and the Air 583 A Changing Sense of Time 584 Responses to Industrialization 584 The Growth of Working-Class Solidarity 584 Collective Action 586 IMPORTANT EVENTS 587 21 Restoration and Reaction, 1814–1830 590 RESTORATION, The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815 590 Restored Monarchs in Western Europe 591 REFORM, AND Eastern Europe 593 REVOLUTION, Spain and Its Colonies 595 1814–1848 Ideological Confrontations 596 589 Conservatism 596 Romanticism 597 Nationalism 599 Liberalism 600 Socialism 602 The Quest for Reform, 1830–1848 605 Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy in France 605 British Reforms 606 The Absolutist States of Central and Eastern Europe 608 The Revolutions of 1848 612 Roots of Rebellion 612 Liberals: From Success to Defeat 614 The Nationalist Impulse 615 IMPORTANT EVENTS 617 22 The Changing Nature of International Relations 620 NATIONALISM AND The Crimean War, 1854–1856 621 The Congress of Paris, 1856 621 POLITICAL REFORM, Forging New Nation–States, 1850–1880 622 1850–1880 Italian Unification, 1859–1870 623 619 German Unification, 1850–1871 626 Fragile Empires 631 The Dual Monarchy in Austria-Hungary 631 The Ailing Ottoman Empire 632 Russia and the Great Reforms 636 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. 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May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. viii Contents The Development of Western Democracies 638 Victorian Britain 638 France: From Empire to Republic 640 Scandinavia and the Low Countries 642 IMPORTANT EVENTS 643 23 Industrial Growth and Acceleration 646 THE AGE OF The “Second Industrial Revolution” 647 Transportation and Communication 647 OPTIMISM, Social Impacts of Economic Growth 649 1850–1880 The Adapting Aristocracy 650 645 The Expanding Middle Classes 650 Middle-Class Lifestyles 652 Improving Conditions among Workers and the Poor 654 The Transformation of the Countryside 655 Urban Problems and Solutions 656 City Planning and Urban Renovation 657 The Introduction of Public Services 658 Culture in an Age of Optimism 659 Darwin and Evolution 660 Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine 661 Birth of the Social Sciences 662 The Challenge to Religion 663 Culture in the Age of Material Change 665 IMPORTANT EVENTS 667 24 The New Imperialism and the Spread of Europe’s IMPERIALISM AND Influence 669 Economic and Social Motives 670 ESCALATING Nationalistic Motives 670 TENSIONS, Other Ideological Motives 671 1880–1914 Conquest, Administration, and Westernization 673 668 Unanticipated Consequences: Rebellion and Colonial War 674 From Optimism to Anxiety: Politics and Culture 676 The Erosion of the Liberal Consensus 677 The Growth of Socialism and Anarchism 677 The New Right, Racism, and Anti-Semitism 678 Irrationality and Uncertainty 680 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Contents ix Vulnerable Democracies 682 Great Britain 682 France 683 Italy 686 Autocracies in Crisis 687 Germany 687 Austria-Hungary 688 Ottoman Empire 688 Russia 689 The Coming War 690 Power Alignments 691 The Momentum Toward War 691 IMPORTANT EVENTS 694 25 The Unforeseen Stalemate, 1914–1917 696 WAR AND August 1914: The Domestic and Military Setting 697 Into the Nightmare, 1914–1916 698 REVOLUTION, Seeking a Breakthrough, 1915–1917 701 1914–1919 1917 as a Turning Point 702 695 The Experience of Total War 702 Hardship on the Home Front 703 Domestic Mobilization 703 Accelerating Socioeconomic Change 704 Propaganda and the “Mobilization of Enthusiasm” 705 The Two Russian Revolutions of 1917 706 The Wartime Crisis of the Russian Autocracy 706 The March Revolution and the Fate of the Provisional Government 707 The Bolsheviks Come to Power 708 The Russian Revolution and the War 711 The New War and the Allied Victory, 1917–1918 711 The Debate over War Aims 712 The Renewal of the French War Effort 713 The German Gamble, 1918 713 Military Defeat and Political Change in Germany 714 The Outcome and the Impact 715 The Costs of War 716 The Search for Peace in a Revolutionary Era 716 The Peace Settlement 719 The Cultural Impact of the Great War 723 IMPORTANT EVENTS 724 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
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