Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Vol. 2: Since 1560

622 Pages·2007·34.353 MB·English

by  Thomas F. X. Noble, Barry Strauss, Duane Osheim, Kristen Neuschel, Elinor Accampo

Western
Civilization
Beyond
Boundaries
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Western
Civilization
Beyond
Boundaries
Fifth Edition
VOLUME II
since1560
Thomas F. X. Noble
University of Notre Dame
Barry Strauss
Cornell University
Duane J. Osheim
University of Virginia
Kristen B. Neuschel
Duke University
Elinor A. Accampo
University of Southern California
David D. Roberts
University of Georgia
William B. Cohen
Late of Indiana University
Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York
Publisher: Suzanne Jeans
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New Title Project Manager: James Lonergan
Volume II cover image:Amedo Modigliani (1884–1920), Baranovsky,1918. Oil on canvas.
Photograph: Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Text credits: Page 831:Excerpts from A Room of One’s Ownby Virginia Woolf. Copyright
©1929 by Harcourt, Inc., and renewed 1957 by Leonard Woolf. Reprinted by permission
of the publisher.
Copyright ©2008 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006935032
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-79426-3
ISBN-10: 0-618-79426-3
123456789-VH-10 09 08 07 06
B C
RIEF ONTENTS
CHAPTER15 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS, 1560–1648 450
CHAPTER16 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV, CA. 1640–1715 490
CHAPTER17 A REVOLUTION IN WORLDVIEW 522
CHAPTER18 EUROPE ON THE THRESHOLD OF MODERNITY, CA. 1715–1789 550
CHAPTER19 AN AGE OF REVOLUTION, 1789–1815 586
CHAPTER20 THE INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1750–1850 618
CHAPTER21 RESTORATION, REFORM, AND REVOLUTION, 1814–1848 648
CHAPTER22 NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL REFORM, 1850–1880 680
CHAPTER23 THE AGE OF OPTIMISM, 1850–1880 710
CHAPTER24 ESCALATING TENSIONS, 1880–1914 738
CHAPTER25 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914–1919 770
CHAPTER26 THE ILLUSION OF STABILITY, 1919–1930 804
CHAPTER27 THE TORTURED DECADE, 1930–1939 836
CHAPTER28 THE ERA OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–1949 868
CHAPTER29 AN ANXIOUS STABILITY: THE AGE OF THE COLD WAR,
1949–1989 906
CHAPTER30 A CONTINUING EXPERIMENT: THE WEST AND THE WORLD
SINCE 1989 944
v
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C
ONTENTS
PREFACE xvii 16
CHAPTER
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxiii
E A
INTRODUCTION: THE WEST BEFORE 1560 xxv UROPE IN THE GE OF
L XIV, . 1640–1715
OUIS CA 490
15 . . .
CHAPTER FRANCE IN THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM 492
EUROPE IN THE AGE The Last Challenge to Absolutism: The Fronde,
492 •
R W , 1648–1653 France Under Louis XIV,
OF ELIGIOUS ARS 493 • 495 •
1661–1715 The Life of the Court
1560–1648 498
450 The Burdens of War and the Limits of Power
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IMPERIAL SPAIN AND THE LIMITS OF THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR AND
ROYAL POWER 452 ITS AFTERMATH 501
501 •
452 • Civil War, 1642–1649 The Interregnum, 1649–
The Revolt of the Netherlands The Failure of
502 • 504 •
457 • 1660 The Restoration, 1660–1685
the Invincible Armada Successes at Home
504
458 • The Glorious Revolution, 1688
andAround the Mediterranean Spain in
Decline, 1600–1648 459 NEW POWERS IN CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE 506
RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL CONFLICT IN
507 •
FRANCE AND ENGLAND 460 The Consolidation of Austria The Rise of
508 •
460 • Brandenburg-Prussia Competition Around
The French Religious Wars, 1562–1598
509 • 511
the Baltic Russia Under Peter the Great
The Consolidation of Royal Authority in France,
1598–1643 462 • Precarious Stability in England: THE EXPANSION OF OVERSEAS TRADE
The Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603 464 • Rising AND SETTLEMENT 512
Tensions in England, 1603–1642 466 The Growth of Trading Empires: The Success of
513 •
RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL CONFLICT IN theDutch The “Golden Age” of the
514 •
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 469 Netherlands The Growth of Atlantic
515 •
Commerce Early Colonies in North
Fragile Peace in the Holy Roman Empire,
516 •
469 • America The Impact of Trade and Warfare
1556–1618 The Thirty Years’ War,
519
471 • 473 • Within Europe
1618–1648 The Peace of Westphalia
473 • CHAPTER SUMMARY 520 • LOOKING AHEAD 521
TheEffects of the War Stability and
474 KEY TERMS 521 • SUGGESTED READING 521
Dynamism in Eastern Europe
ECONOMIC CHANGE AND THE VISUAL RECORD
Table Manners 496
SOCIAL TENSIONS 476
477 •
Economic Transformation and the New Elites
17
477 •
Economic Change and the Common People CHAPTER
478 •
Coping with Poverty and Violence The Hunt
A R
479 EVOLUTION IN
for Witches
W
WRITING, DRAMA, AND ART IN ORLDVIEW 522
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AN AGE OF UPHEAVAL 481
THE REVOLUTION IN ASTRONOMY,
481 •
Literacy and Literature Literature, Society, 1543–1632 524
482 • 483 •
and Politics The Great Age of Theater
524 •
The Inherited Worldview The Challenge by
484
Drama, Art, and Political Thought
526 •
Copernicus The First Copernican
CHAPTER SUMMARY 488 • LOOKING AHEAD 488 527 •
Astronomers Galileo and the Triumph of
KEY TERMS 489 • SUGGESTED READING 489
529
Copernicanism
THE VISUAL RECORD
Baroque Art 486
vii
viii Contents
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION THE VISUAL RECORD
EXPANDS, CA. 1600–1700 531 Gardens 562
531 •
The Uses of the New Science Scientific
533 • 19
Thought in France Science and Revolution
537 • CHAPTER
inEngland The Achievement of Isaac
Newton 537 • Developments in Chemistry, AN AGE OF REVOLUTION
539
Biology,and Medicine 1789–1815
586
THE NEW SCIENCE IN CONTEXT: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOCIETY, POLITICS, AND RELIGION 541 THE BEGINNINGS OF REVOLUTION,
541 • 1775–1789 588
The Beginnings of Scientific Professionalism
543 • 588 •
The New Science, the State, and the Church Revolutionary Movements in Europe
The New Science and Political Thought at the End of The American Revolution and the Kingdom of
546 590 • 590 •
the Seventeenth Century France The Crisis of the Old Regime
CHAPTER SUMMARY 548 • LOOKING AHEAD 548 The Estates General 592 • 1789: A Revolution
KEY TERMS 549 • SUGGESTED READING 549 Begins 592
THE VISUAL RECORD THE PHASES OF THE REVOLUTION,
Modern Maps 534 1789–1799 595
595 •
The First Phase Completed, 1789–1791
18
The Second Phase and Foreign War,
CHAPTER
597 •
1791–1793 The Faltering Republic and
E 599 •
UROPE ON THE theTerror, 1793–1794 The Thermidorian
601
T M , Reaction and the Directory, 1794–1799
HRESHOLD OF ODERNITY
. 1715–1789 THE NAPOLEONIC ERA AND THE LEGACY OF
CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550 REVOLUTION, 1799–1815 604
THE ENLIGHTENMENT 552 Napoleon: From Soldier to Emperor, 1799–
604 • 607 •
552 • 1804 Conquering Europe, 1805–1810
Voltaire: The Quintessential Philosophe
609 •
554 • Defeat and Abdication, 1812–1815 The Legacy
TheVariety of Enlightenment Thought
610 •
557 • of Revolution for France and the World The
TheGrowth of Public Opinion Art in the
613
559 View from Britain
Age of Reason
CHAPTER SUMMARY 615 • LOOKING AHEAD 616
EUROPEAN STATES IN THE KEY TERMS 616 • SUGGESTED READING 616
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 561
561 • THE VISUAL RECORD
France During the Enlightenment
Political Symbols 602
Monarchy and Constitutional Government in Great
564 • 566 •
Britain “Enlightened” Monarchy
20
Enlightenment and Tradition: The Case of CHAPTER
567 •
Austria Catherine the Great and the
T I
569 HE NDUSTRIAL
Empire of Russia
T
THE WIDENING WORLD OF COMMERCE RANSFORMATION OF
AND WARFARE 571 E , 1750–1850
UROPE 618
571 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Causes and Costs of Warfare The Power
of Austria and Prussia 572 • The Atlantic World: PRECONDITIONS FOR
Expanding Commerce and the Slave Trade 573 • INDUSTRIALIZATION 620
Great Britain and France: Wars Overseas 576 Why Europe? 620 • Transformations Accompanying
621 •
ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND Industrialization Britain’s Lead in Industrial
623
SOCIAL CHANGE 578 Innovation
More Food and More People 579 • The Growth of NEW MODES OF PRODUCTION 625
580 • 582 625 •
Industry Control and Resistance Advances in the Cotton Industry Iron,
CHAPTER SUMMARY 583 • LOOKING AHEAD 584 Steam,and Factories 627 • Inventors and
KEY TERMS 584 • SUGGESTED READING 584 Entrepreneurs 628 • The Spread of Industry to
629
theContinent
Contents ix
SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND ITALIAN UNIFICATION, 1859–1870 685
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 632 Cavour Plots Unification 686 • Unification
Urbanization and Its Discontents 632 • Working Achieved, 1860 686 • The Problems of a
Classes and Their Lot 635 • Industrialization and UnifiedItaly 688
636 •
the Family The Land, the Water, and the GERMAN UNIFICATION, 1850–1871 689
638 • 639
Air A Changing Sense of Time 689 •
The Rise of Bismarck Prussian Wars and
RESPONSES TO INDUSTRIALIZATION 640 German Unity 690 • The Franco-Prussian War and
The Growth of Working-Class Solidarity 640 • Unification, 1870–1871 692 • The Character of the
Collective Action 641 New Germany 692
CHAPTER SUMMARY 645 • LOOKING AHEAD 646 PRECARIOUS EMPIRES 693
KEY TERMS 646 • SUGGESTED READING 646 693 •
The Dual Monarchy in Austria-Hungary
THE VISUAL RECORD TheAiling Ottoman Empire 695 • Russia and the
Union Membership Certificates 642 696
Great Reforms
21 THE EMERGENCE OF NEW POLITICAL
CHAPTER FORMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND
CANADA, 1840–1880 699
R , R ,
ESTORATION EFORM 699 •
Territorial Expansion and Slavery Civil War
R , 700 •
AND EVOLUTION and National Unity, 1861–1865 The Creation
700
1814–1848 of a Canadian Nation
648
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1814–1815 650 DEMOCRACIES 701
701 •
IDEOLOGICAL CONFRONTATIONS 653 Victorian Britain France: From Empire to
703 •
653 • 653 • Republic Scandinavia and the Low
Conservatism Romanticism
707
655 • 658 • Countries
Nationalism Liberalism
660 CHAPTER SUMMARY 708 • LOOKING AHEAD 709
Socialism
KEY TERMS 709 • SUGGESTED READING 709
RESTORATION, REFORM, AND REACTION 663
THE VISUAL RECORD
Western Europe: From Reaction to Liberalism,
An Engraving of the British Royal Family 704
663 •
1815–1830 Western Europe,
665 •
1830–1848 The Absolutist States of Central 23
668
and Eastern Europe, 1815–1848 CHAPTER
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 671 T A O ,
HE GE OF PTIMISM
671 •
Roots of Rebellion Liberals: From Success to
1850–1880
Defeat 673 • The Nationalist Impulse 675 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .710
CHAPTER SUMMARY 677 • LOOKING AHEAD 678 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND
KEY TERMS 678 • SUGGESTED READING 678 ACCELERATION 712
THE VISUAL RECORD The “Second Industrial Revolution” 712 •
Raft of the “Medusa” 656 713
Transportation and Communication
SOCIAL IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH 716
22
716 •
CHAPTER The Declining Aristocracy The Expanding
716 • 718 •
Middle Classes Middle-Class Lifestyles
N
ATIONALISM AND 720 •
The Workers’ Lot The Transformation of the
POLITICAL REFORM, Countryside 721
1850–1880 URBAN PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 722
680
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
722 •
City Planning and Urban Renovation
THE CHANGING NATURE OF 724
The Introduction of Public Services
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 682
682 •
The Crimean War, 1854–1856 The Congress
684
of Paris, 1856