Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715

383 Pages·2007·38.663 MB·English

by  Jackson J. Spielvogel

W
C
estern ivilization:
A Brief H istory

V O L U M E I : T O 1 7 1 5
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
W
C
estern ivi li zation:
A Br i e f H i story
Jackson J. Spielvogel
The Pennsylvania State University
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
J
ackson J. Spielvogel
is associate professor emeritus of history at The
Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University,
where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and
reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education,
Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, andAmerican Historical
Review.He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the
Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, theSimon Wiesenthal
Center Annual of Holocaust Studies,andUtopian Studies.His work has been supported
by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation
Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization courses as well
as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germanywas pub-
lished in 1987 (fifth edition, 2005). He is the author of Western Civilization,first
published in 1991 (sixth edition, 2006) and the coauthor (with William Duiker) of
World History,first published in 1994 (fifth edition, 2007). Professor Spielvogel has
won five major universitywide teaching awards. During the year 1988–1989, he
held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching
award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty
Member, and in 2000, he received the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in
Teaching Award.
T
o Diane,
whose love and support made it all possible
J.J.S.
Brief Contents
Maps xiii 9 The Recovery and Growth of European
Chronologies xv Society in the High Middle Ages 157
Documents xvii 10 The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of
Preface xxi Church Power 175
Acknowledgments xxv
11 The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and
Introduction to Students ofWestern Disintegration in the Fourteenth
Civilization xxix Century 196
12 Recovery and Rebirth:
1 The Ancient Near East: The First The Renaissance 215
Civilizations 1
13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
2 The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Sixteenth Century 237
Empires 23
14 Europe and the World: New Encounters,
3 The Civilization of the Greeks 40 1500–1800 258
4 The Hellenistic World 60 15 State Building and the Search for Order in
5 The Roman Republic 76 the Seventeenth Century 280
6 The Roman Empire 96 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth:
The Scientific Revolution and the
7 Late Antiquity and the Emergence of
Emergence of Modern Science 303
the Medieval World 115
8 European Civilization in the Early Middle
Glossary 319
Ages, 750–1000 137
Pronunciation Guide 327
Credits 337
Index 339
vi
Detailed Contents
Maps xiii The Persian Empire 32
Chronologies xv Cyrus the Great 33
Expanding the Empire 34
Documents xvii
Governing the Empire 34
Preface xxi
The Great King Darius 35
Acknowledgements xxv Persian Religion 36
Introduction to Students ofWestern Civilization xxix Conclusion 37
1 Notes 38
The Ancient Near East: Suggestions for Further Reading 38
The First Civilizations 1 3
The First Humans 2 The Civilization of the Greeks 40
The Hunter-Gatherers ofthe Old Stone Age 2
The Neolithic Revolution,c.10,000–4000 B.C. 3 Early Greece 41
Minoan Crete 41
The Emergence ofCivilization 5
The First Greek State:Mycenae 41
Civilization in Mesopotamia 6
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c.1100–c.750 B.C.) 43
The City-States ofAncient Mesopotamia 6
Homer and Homeric Greece 43
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 7
Homer’s Enduring Importance 43
The Culture ofMesopotamia 10
The World ofthe
Egyptian Civilization:“The Gift ofthe Nile” 12
Greek City-States (c.750–c.500 B.C.) 44
The Impact ofGeography 13
The Polis 44
The Old and Middle Kingdoms 14
A New Military System:The Hoplites 44
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 15
Colonization and the Growth ofTrade 45
The Culture ofEgypt 16
Tyranny in the Greek Polis 45
Chaos and a New Order:The New Kingdom 18
Sparta 46
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt:Family and Marriage 19
Athens 47
Conclusion 21
The High Point ofGreek Civilization:
Notes 22
Classical Greece 49
Suggestions for Further Reading 22
The Challenge ofPersia 49
2 The Growth ofan Athenian Empire in the
The Ancient Near East: Age ofPericles 49
The Great Peloponnesian War 50
Peoples and Empires 23
The Decline ofthe Greek States (404–338 B.C.) 50
On the Fringes ofCivilization 24 The Culture and Society ofClassical Greece 51
The Impact ofthe Indo-Europeans 24 The Writing ofHistory 51
The Hebrews:“The Children ofIsrael” 25 Greek Drama 52
The Arts:The Classical Ideal 53
The United Kingdom 25
The Greek Love ofWisdom 53
The Divided Kingdom 26
Greek Religion 55
The Spiritual Dimensions ofIsrael 27
Daily Life in Classical Athens 56
The Neighbors ofthe Israelites 29
Conclusion 58
The Assyrian Empire 30
Notes 58
Organization ofthe Empire 30
Suggestions for Further Reading 59
The Assyrian Military Machine 30
Assyrian Society and Culture 31
vii
4
A New Role for the Roman Army:Marius and Sulla 90
The Hellenistic World 60 The Collapse ofthe Republic 90
Conclusion 93
Macedonia and the Conquests ofAlexander 61
Notes 94
Philip and the Conquest ofGreece 61
Suggestions for Further Reading 94
Alexander the Great 61
6
The World ofthe Hellenistic Kingdoms 65
Hellenistic Monarchies 65 The Roman Empire 96
The Threat from the Celts 66
Political Institutions 66 The Age ofAugustus (31 B.C.–A.D.14) 97
The New Order 97
Hellenistic Cities 66
Augustan Society 99
Economic Trends in the Hellenistic World 67
The Augustan Age 99
New Opportunities for Women 68
The Early Empire (14–180) 99
Culture in the Hellenistic World 69
The Julio-Claudians 99
New Directions in Literature 69
The Five “Good Emperors”(96–180) 99
Hellenistic Art 70
The Roman Empire at Its Height:Frontiers and
A Golden Age ofScience 70
Provinces 100
Philosophy:New Schools ofThought 71
Prosperity in the Early Empire 101
Religion in the Hellenistic World 73
Roman Culture and Society in the Early
Mystery Religions 73
Empire 103
The Jews in the Hellenistic World 73
The Golden Age ofLatin Literature 103
Conclusion 74
The Silver Age ofLatin Literature 105
Notes 75 Roman Law 105
Suggestions for Further Reading 75 The Upper-Class Roman Family 105
Imperial Rome 105
The Gladiatorial Shows 106
5 Transformation ofthe Roman World:Crises in the
Third Century 107
The Roman Republic 76
Political and Military Woes 107
Economic and Social Crises 108
The Emergence ofRome 77
The Greeks in Italy 77 Transformation ofthe Roman World:The Rise of
The Etruscans 78 Christianity 108
Early Rome 78 The Religious World ofthe Roman Empire 109
The Jewish Background 109
The Roman Republic (c.509–264 B.C.) 79
The Origins ofChristianity 109
The Roman State 79
The Growth ofChristianity 111
The Roman Conquest ofItaly 80
Conclusion 113
The Roman Conquest ofthe
Notes 113
Mediterranean (264–133 B.C.) 82
Suggestions for Further Reading 113
The Struggle with Carthage 82
The Eastern Mediterranean 83 7
The Nature ofRoman Imperialism 83
Late Antiquity and the Emergence of
Society and Culture in the Roman World 84 the Medieval World 115
Roman Religion 84
The Growth ofSlavery 85 The Late Roman Empire 116
The Roman Family 86 The Reforms ofDiocletian and Constantine 116
The Evolution ofRoman Law 86 The Empire’s New Religion 117
The Development ofLiterature 87 The End ofthe Western Empire 118
Roman Art 89
The Germanic Kingdoms 119
Values and Attitudes 89
The Ostrogothic Kingdom ofItaly 119
The Decline and Fall ofthe Roman The Visigothic Kingdom ofSpain 119
Republic (133–31 B.C.) 89 The Frankish Kingdom 119
Social,Economic,and Political Problems 89 Anglo-Saxon England 120
The Reforms ofthe Gracchi 90 The Society ofthe Germanic Kingdoms 121
viii CONTENTS
Development ofthe Christian Church 122 The New World ofTrade and Cities 163
The Power ofthe Pope 122 The Revival ofTrade 163
The Monks and Their Missions 123 The Growth ofCities 164
Christianity and Intellectual Life 127 Life in the Medieval City 165
Industry in Medieval Cities 166
The Byzantine Empire 127
The Reign ofJustinian (527–565) 128 The Intellectual and Artistic World ofthe
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 129 High Middle Ages 166
The Rise ofUniversities 167
The Rise ofIslam 130
A Revival ofClassical Antiquity 168
Muhammad 131
The Development ofScholasticism 169
The Teachings ofIslam 132
Literature in the High Middle Ages 170
The Spread ofIslam 132
Romanesque Architecture:“A White Mantle of
Conclusion 135 Churches” 170
Notes 135 The Gothic Cathedral 171
Suggestions for Further Reading 135 Conclusion 172
8 Notes 173
European Civilization in the Early Suggestions for Further Reading 173
Middle Ages, 750–1000 137 10
The Rise of Kingdoms and the
The World ofthe Carolingians 138
Growth of Church Power 175
Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768–814) 138
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal 140 The Emergence and Growth ofEuropean
Life in the Carolingian World 141 Kingdoms,1000–1300 176
Disintegration ofthe Carolingian Empire 143 England in the High Middle Ages 176
Invasions ofthe Ninth and Tenth Centuries 144 The Growth ofthe French Kingdom 177
Christian Reconquest:The Spanish Kingdoms 178
The Emerging World ofLords and Vassals 146
The Lands ofthe Holy Roman Empire:Germany and
Vassalage 146 Italy 180
Fief-Holding 147 New Kingdoms in Eastern Europe 181
The Manorial System 147 The Mongol Empire 182
The Zenith ofByzantine Civilization 148 The Development ofRussia 183
The Macedonian Dynasty 149 The Recovery and Reform ofthe
Catholic Church 183
The Slavic Peoples ofCentral and
Eastern Europe 150 The Problems ofDecline 183
The Cluniac Reform Movement 184
Western Slavs 150
Reform ofthe Papacy 184
Southern Slavs 151
Eastern Slavs 151 Christianity and Medieval Civilization 184
The World ofIslam 151 Growth ofthe Papal Monarchy 184
New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals 185
Islamic Civilization 153
Women in Religious Orders 185
Conclusion 155
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages 187
Notes 155
Voices ofProtest and Intolerance 187
Suggestions for Further Reading 155
The Crusades 189
9
Background to the Crusades 189
The Recovery and Growth of The Early Crusades 190
European Society in the High The Crusades ofthe Thirteenth Century 191
Middle Ages 157 Effects ofthe Crusades 192
Conclusion 193
Land and People in the High Middle Ages 158
Notes 194
The New Agriculture 158
Suggestions for Further Reading 194
Life ofthe Peasantry 159
The Aristocracy ofthe High Middle Ages 160
CONTENTS ix