Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion as Proof of Motives for Violence Among Christian Actor

422 Pages·2016·2.48 MB·English

by  Jilana Ordman

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Jilana Ordman
Loyola University Chicago
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Ordman, Jilana, "Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors' Attributions of Emotion as Proof of
Motives for Violence Among Christian Actors in Military Conflicts, Tenth Through Early Twelfth Centuries"
(2013). Dissertations. 679.
https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/679
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Copyright © 2013 Jilana Ordman
LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO

FEELING LIKE A HOLY WARRIOR:
WESTERN AUTHORS’ ATTRIBUTIONS OF EMOTIONS AS PROOF OF MOTIVES
FOR VIOLENCE AMONG CHRISTIAN ACTORS IN MILITARY CONFLICTS,
TENTH THROUGH EARLY TWELFTH CENTURIES

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

PROGRAM IN HISTORY

BY

JILANA ORDMAN

CHICAGO, IL

AUGUST 2013
Copyright by Jilana Ordman, 2013
All rights reserved.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This dissertation could not have been completed and defended without the support,
guidance, and pressure of my dissertation committee chair and academic advisor, Dr.
Barbara Rosenwein, and the rest of my committee, Dr. Theresa Gross-Diaz and Dr.
Jessalynn Bird. During the years in which I researched, wrote and defended my
dissertation these professors, as well as Dr. Leslie Dossey, provided me with personal
guidance in formulating, clarifying, organizing and presenting my arguments. I was also
guided and assisted by advice and suggestions from scholars I reached out to on my own
as well as whom I met through my participation in the Society for the Study of the
Crusades and the Latin East. These included Dr. Bruce Brasington, Dr. Paul E.
Chevedden, Dr. Paul F. Crawford and Ardella Crawford, Dr. Conor Kostick, Dr. Alan V.
Murray and Dr. William Purkis, among others. Outside of graduate school courses and
dissertation research, friends inside and outside of the department, including Noshaba
Bhatti, Phillip Brigham, Kirsten Devries, Andrew Donnelly, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Amanda
Loos-Logan, Stephen Loos-Logan, Ian McFadden, Daniel O’Gorman, and Shayna Plaut
provided intellectual, social, and emotional support, especially when it was most needed
at the end of the long process. My mother, Hinda Ordman, father, Edward Ordman, and
stepmother, Eunice Ordman, were also unfailing sources of emotional and material
support with whom my completion of this doctoral program and dissertation would not

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have been possible. And I should also thank Dean Peters, without whose encouragement
almost to the end I could not have begun and finished my program and written my
dissertation.

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What can I say about intentions, which are so hidden
most of the time that they can hardly be discerned?
– Abbot Guibert de Nogent, Gesta dei per Francos
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

ABSTRACT x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Outline 15

CHAPTER TWO: HISTORIOGRAPHIES 20
The Interdisciplinary Study of Emotion 20
Research On Emotions in the Social Sciences 21
Research On Emotions in Historical Study 26
Crusade Studies and Medieval Military Historiography 40
Crusade Studies 42
General Medieval Military Historiography 63
The Historiography of Juridical and Penitential Though 70
Conclusion 84

CHAPTER THREE: AFFECTIVE DEFENSE 87
Warfare in the Christian Roman Empire 88
Patristic Authors on Emotions and Violence 91
Emotions in Early-Medieval Judgments of Sin and Violence 112
A New Christian Empire 126
The Need to Control Violence by Knights 138
Episcopal Efforts to Reduce Violence 143
Juridical Efforts to Control and Direct Violence 154
Papal Direction of Violence 159
Conclusion 168

CHAPTER FOUR: JUST KNIGHTS, JUST WARS 172
Narrative Accounts of Pacifism, Violence, and Motive 172
A Good Warrior: Gerald of Aurillac 176
Not all Warriors are Saints 189
William of Normandy’s Holy War 204
Conclusion 218

CHAPTER FIVE: CREATING THE CRUSADER 227
The Purpose of Christians’ Participation in Military Action 229
Ideals for Christian Knights 229
Ideals for Christian Warfare 236
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The First Crusade as a Papal Innovation 253
Papal Recruitment at Clermont 256
Conclusion 275

CHAPTER SIX: FEELING LIKE A CRUSADER 278
Doubts about Recruits 280
Accounts of the First Crusaders 288
Anger 288
Sorrow 300
Fear 312
Courage 324
Joy 334
Conclusion 344

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION 356
Historical Evidence for Knights’ Affect 361
Possible Applications of Modern Neurobiological Research? 366

BIBLIOGRAPHY 369

VITA 411
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AHR American Historical Review
Die Bussbucher Die Bussbucher und das kanonische Bussverfahren,
Vol. 1. Edited by H. J. Schmitz. Mainz: K.
Kirchheim, 1883.
CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina (Turnhout:
Brepols, 1953-)
CCSM Corpus Christianorum Series Mediaevalis
(Turnhout: Brepols, 1971-)
Die Kreuzzugsbriefe Epistolae et chartae ad historiam primibelli sacri
spectantes quae supersunt aevo aequales ac
genvinae. Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren
1088-1100 (Innsbruck: Verlag der Wagner'schen
Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1901; Bibliolife, 2009).
IHR International History Review
Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum, nova et amplissima
collection (7: Paris: Bibliopola, 1901; 19: Graz:
Akademische Druck–U. Verlagsanstalt, 1960).
MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica, inde ab anno
Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum
et quingentesimium (Hanover-Berlin: MGH, 1824-).

CAM Concilia Aevi Merovingici. Edited by Friedrich
Maassen. MGH. Hannover: Hahn, 1893.

PL Patrologia Cursus Completus, Series Latina, ed. J. P.
Migne (Paris: Imprimerie Catholique; Garnier, 1844-
55)

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RHC Oc. 3 Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens
Occidentaux. Vol. 3. Paris: Académie des
inscriptions & belles-lettres, 1866.
RHC Oc. 4 Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens
Occidentaux. Vol. 4. Paris: Académie des
inscriptions & belles-lettres, 1879.

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