Western Anti-Communism and the Interdoc Network: Cold War Internationale PDF
Preview Western Anti-Communism and the Interdoc Network: Cold War Internationale
PalgraveMacmillanTransnationalHistorySeries SeriesEditors:AkiraIriye,ProfessorofHistoryatHarvardUniversity,andRanaMitter, ProfessoroftheHistoryandPoliticsofModernChinaattheUniversityofOxford This distinguished series seeks to develop scholarship on the transnational connec- tions of societies and peoples in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; provide a forum in which work on transnational history from different periods, subjects, and regions of the world can be brought together in fruitful connection; and explore the theoretical and methodological links between transnational and other related approachessuchascomparativehistoryandworldhistory. EditorialBoard:ThomasBender,UniversityProfessoroftheHumanities,Professorof History, and Director of the International Center for Advanced Studies, New York University;JaneCarruthers,ProfessorofHistory,UniversityofSouthAfrica;Mariano Plotkin,Professor,UniversidadNacionaldeTresdeFebrero,BuenosAires,andmember of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Argentina; Pierre- YvesSaunier,ResearcherattheCentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique,France, andVisitingProfessorattheUniversityofMontreal;IanTyrrell,ProfessorofHistory, UniversityofNewSouthWales Titlesinclude: GregorBentonandEdmundTerenceGomez THECHINESEINBRITAIN,1800–PRESENT Economy,TransnationalismandIdentity SugataBoseandKrisManjapra(editors) COSMOPOLITANTHOUGHTZONES SouthAsiaandtheGlobalCirculationofIdeas SebastianConradandDominicSachsenmaier(editors) COMPETINGVISIONSOFWORLDORDER GlobalMomentsandMovements,1880s–1930s MartinConwayandKiranKlausPatel(editors) EUROPEANIZATIONINTHETWENTIETHCENTURY HistoricalApproaches JoyDamousi,MarianoBenPlotkin(editors) THETRANSNATIONALUNCONSCIOUS EssaysintheHistoryofPsychoanalysisandTransnationalism DesleyDeacon,PennyRussellandAngelaWoollacott(editors) TRANSNATIONALLIVES BiographiesofGlobalModernity,1700–present JonathanGantt IRISHTERRORISMINTHEATLANTICCOMMUNITY,1865–1922 AbigailGreenandVincentViaene(editors) RELIGIOUSINTERNATIONALSINTHEMODERNWORLD EricHotta PAN-ASIANISMANDJAPAN’SWAR,1931–45 MartinKlimbeandJoachimScharloth(editors) 1968INEUROPE AHistoryofProtestandActivism,1956–77 ErikaKuhlman RECONSTRUCTINGPATRIARCHYAFTERTHEGREATWAR Women,GenderandPostwarReconciliationbetweenNations DeepKantaLahiriChoudhury TELEGRAPHICIMPERIALISM CrisisandPanicintheIndianEmpire,c.1830–1920 BruceMazlish THEIDEAOFHUMANITYINTHEGLOBALERA GilesScott-Smith WESTERNANTI-COMMUNISMANDTHEINTERDOCNETWORK ColdWarInternationale GlendaSluga THENATION,PSYCHOLOGY,ANDINTERNATIONALPOLITICS,1870–1919 MarkTilse TRANSNATIONALISMINTHEPRUSSIANEAST FromNationalConflicttoSynthesis,1871–1914 ThePalgraveMacmillanTransnationalHistorySeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–50746–3Hardback 978–0–230–50747–0Paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastanding order.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddress belowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Western Anti-Communism and the Interdoc Network Cold War Internationale Giles Scott-Smith RooseveltStudyCenter/LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands ©GilesScott-Smith2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-22126-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2012by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-30676-3 ISBN 978-1-137-28427-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137284273 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Contents ListofPlates vi SeriesForeword ix Acknowledgements xi ListofAbbreviations xiii Introduction:TheCommunistChallenge 1 1 Anti-CommunismandPsyWarinthe1950s 13 2 BuildingtheNetwork 44 3 ADutch–GermanCabal 85 4 TheEuropeanWeb 108 5 East–WestEngagementandInterdocYouth 134 6 TheFalloutfromOstpolitik 168 7 BringingtheAmericansBackIn 189 8 InterdocReconfigures:The1970sandDétente 209 Conclusion:AssessingtheLegacy 243 AppendixI:InterdocConferences 250 AppendixII:InterdocPublications 253 AppendixIII:InterdocContactsinEasternEurope 261 Notes 264 Bibliography 341 Index 352 v Plates 1. AntoineBonnemaison’soriginalplanforFranco-German cooperationinanti-communism,1958.Einthovenhasadded ininkinthemiddle:“HollandditzijnwijHBVDHKO” (Holland,that’sus,ChiefBVD,ChiefTraining) 2. TheInterdocapparatusasenvisagedbytheFrenchdelegation fortheMay1960planningmeetinginTheHague:Hollande, Allemagne,France 3. TheGermanproposalof1960:notetheinclusionofthe BritishandItalians 4. AmoredetailedworkingoftheGermanproposal 5. LaanCopesvanCattenburch38,thelocationoftheBVD’s trainingdivision(KO:kaderopleiding)inthe1950sand 1960s.CeesvandenHeuvelledthisdivisionfrom1949upto hisdeparturefromtheserviceon1January1962 6. ThetrainingdivisionoftheBVD,circa1959.Fromtheleft, backrow:C.C.vandenHeuvel,Ottolini,Boske,Boomsluiter, Bolten,Couwenberg.Frontrow:VanderLee,secretary,Cea Slager,secretary,Mennes 7. TheEconomicLeagueinaction:HelenBaileyspeakingto Londondockworkersduringtheirlunchbreak,1959 8. Plaats11a(thewhitebuilding),oppositetheDutchparliament buildinginthecentreofTheHague,thefirstofficiallocation forSOEVin1961–62 9. “LesGaleries”atGeversDeynootplein,Scheveningen,the locationoftheSOEVofficesin1962–63 10. VanStolkweg10(the“rabbithole”),thenervecentreforVan denHeuvel’smanyoperationsfrom1962to1986 11. FelixA.C.Guépin,adirector(1950–1959)andboardmember (1959–1966)ofRoyalDutchShell,andavaluablesupporterof theSOEV–OWI–Interdocapparatus 12. K.Chr.dePous(darksuit,armsfolded),chiefofsecurityfor DutchRailways,atadinnerinhonourofhisretirementin mid-1963,inprivatediscussionwithhissuccessor,B.F.A.Mikx (onDePous’sright).TheDutchRailwayswasavaluableclient forSOEVandOWIintheearly1960s 13. RuedelaPépinière14,closetotheGareSt-LazareinParis,the addressAntoineBonnemaisonwasusingduringtheformation ofInterdoc vi ListofPlates vii 14. Pössenbacherstraße21,Pullach(the“villa”),thelocationof RolfGeyer’sIIIFduringthe1960s 15. RolfGeyerinthelate1960s 16. Habsburgerplatz1/1,Munich,thelocationofNicolasvon Grote’sVereinzurErforschungSozialpolitischerVerhältnisse, the“publicfront”forGeyer’sIIIF.Itwasrenamedthe DeutscheArbeitsgruppefürWest-OstBeziehungene.V.in1966 17. NicolasvonGrote(centre),theheadofthe Verein/ArbeitsgruppebureauinMunich 18. TheHausderZukunftonGoethestraßeinZehlendorf,Berlin. Thiswasusedfortrainingcoursesforparticipantsfromthe Netherlandsandothercountriesduringthe1960s 19. HansBeuker(withfistraised)inWestBerlin,circa1961 20. Theopeningofthe8thWorldYouthFestivalinHelsinki, August1962,thesiteofthefirstInterdoc“counter-action”: HansBeuker’santi-Sovietspeech 21. PieterKoerts(centre)ontheKurfürstendamm,WestBerlin, duringatrainingcourseinthesummerof1962 22. PieterKoerts(atthemicrophone)confrontingtheboardofthe WFDY-sponsoredConferenceofYouthandStudentsfor Disarmament,PeaceandNationalIndependenceinFlorence inFebruary1964 23. Mont-St-Michel,thelocationofthefinalInterdoccolloque involvingtheFrenchasofficialparticipants,1962 24. AntoineBonnemaisoninthelate1950s 25. DiegoGuicciardi,Shell’srepresentativeinGenoa,whoplayed akeyroleindevelopingcontactsinItaly 26. AnInterdocconferenceinthemid-1960s.LouisEinthovenis seatedontheleftatthefront.Frontrowfromtheright: HermanMennes,F.C.Spits,J.M.M.Hornix,unidentified. RaimutevonHassellistworowsbehindMennes.Sittingnext totheaisledirectlybehindthefrontrowontherightisClaus Kernig,twoseatsbehindhimisUweHoll,andbehindHollis CeesdeNiet 27. LouisEinthovenin1965.Einthovendevotedhisfullattention todevelopingtheInterdocnetworkafterhisretirementfrom theBVDin1961 28. RaimutevonHassell,DietmarTöppel,andAndreasvonWeiss outsideVanStolkweg10,17November1966 29. DietmarTöppelandAndreasvonWeissonthebeachat Scheveningen,17November1966 30. RolfBuchow,theanti-SovietactivistwhoranInterdocBerlin viii ListofPlates 31. CharlesHoward(Dick)Ellis,theAustralianMI6officerwho rantheInterdocUKofficefromNorfolkStreetinLondon duringthe1960s 32. TheUniversityArmsHotel,Cambridge,locationofthesecond InterdocconferenceonBritishsoil,inSeptember1966 33. BertilHäggman(farleft),Interdoc’smaincontactinSweden, seenherehonouringanEastGermanrefugeekilledwhile tryingtoescapetotheWest,Trelleborg,1964.Muchofthe workoftheInformgroup–someofitfundedbytheWest Germans–concentratedoncounter-actingGDRpropaganda inSweden 34. FransA.M.AltingvonGeusau,whocreatedandledtheJohn F.KennedyInstituteatTilburgUniversityfrom1967to1985 35. H.G.(Dik)GroenewaldatareceptionforOSSveteransatHuis tenBosch,16September1974,organizedbythe Netherlands–USFoundation.PrinceBernhardisbehindhis leftshoulder.TogetherwithCeesvandenHeuvel,inthe mid-1970sGroenewaldledtheattempttomobilizethe FederationofEuropean–AmericanOrganizationsintoamore activebody 36. RioPraaningataJASONreception.AprotégéofCeesvanden Heuvel,Praaningplayedavitalroleintransformingthe AtlantischeCommissieduringthe1980s 37. CeesvandenHeuvelatthereceptionmarkinghisretirement fromtheAtlantischeCommissie,1986.Behindhimonthe rightishissonChristiaan 38. MembersofIIIFreunited:PeterBecker(left)andDietmar Töppel,Munich,June2008 39. MembersofSOEV-OWIreunited–WillemCouwenberg(left), LydavanderBreeandChristiaanvandenHeuveloutsideVan Stolkweg10,January2006 Series Foreword We have published a number of studies in the Palgrave Macmillan Transnational History Series that examine the ways in which transnational historyandnationalhistoryintersect–thatis,whencertainnationaldevel- opments become linked to global phenomena, and when transnational themestakeondomesticsignificanceinsomecountries.Thus,forinstance, TheChineseinBritain,1800–Present byGregorBentonandEdmundTerence Gomez gives a detailed description of Chinese migrants and residents in Britain, but the subject is relevant not just to British or to Chinese history buttoglobalaffairs(economic,cultural,military)inwhichoverseasChinese playedimportantroles.Totakeanotherexample,TelegraphicImperialismby Deep Kanta Lahiri Choudhury establishes fascinating connections between thedevelopmentofthetelegraph,atransnationalphenomenon,andsocial andpoliticalmovementsinIndiathatwerefacilitatedbythenewmeansof communication.Itisclearthatboththenationalandthetransnationaloffer crucialcontextsforunderstandingthepast,andforthisreasontheintersec- tion between the two perspectives is one of the most interesting areas for historicalinquiry. Thisbookalsodealswithnationalaffairs–inparticularthehistoryofthe Netherlands–inrelationtosuchtransnationalthemesasideology,cooper- ative research, and international conferences. But the primary context for thediscussionofthesethemesistheColdWar,aninternational,geopoliti- calphenomenon.Therelationship,therefore,betweeninternationalhistory andtransnationalhistoryispresentedinallitsrichnessandcomplexity. We call our series “transnational history” rather than “international his- tory” because we believe there are some important differences between the two. International history usually deals with interrelations among nations, in particular at the political and strategic level. The key questions in inter- national relations relate to diplomacy and war. Nations seek to protect themselves against would-be enemies; they define their respective national interestsandhopetheymaybereconciledthroughdiplomaticefforts;they seek to construct some sort of a stable “international system” through the balance of power and other mechanisms; and when such balance breaks down,warcanresult.Allthesearesubjectsofstudyininternationalhistory. Itisnotsurprisingthatmanystudiesinthatgenredealwithoriginsofwars, both hot and cold, and efforts to re-establish peace, however short-lived it mightprovetobe. Transnational history, in contrast, is concerned less with affairs among sovereign states than with interactions among individuals and their com- munities. These are “non-state actors” and so often act without restraint ix
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