Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook PDF
Preview Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook
Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook Fifth Edition REVISED BY R. Kenneth Horst, Ph.D. An &viSook Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold New York AnAVIBook (AVI is an imprint of Van Nostrand Reinhold) Copyright © 1990 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-27795 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7684-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7682-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7682-8 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher. Van Nostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10003 Van Nostrand Reinhold International Company Limited 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE, England Van Nostrand Reinhold 480 La Trobe Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Nelson Canada 1120 Birchmount Road Scarborough, Ontario MIK 5G4, Canada 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PubIication Data Westcott, Cynthia, 1898- [Plant disease handbook] Westcott's plant disease handbook. - 5th ed. / revised by R. Kenneth Horst. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Plant diseases-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Phytopathogenic microorganisms-Control-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Plant diseases-United States-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Phytopatho genic microorganisms - Control-United States - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Horst, R. Kenneth (Ralph Kenneth), 1935- II. Title. III. Title: plant disease handbook. SB731.w47 1990 632'.3-dc20 89-27795 CIP To my wife, Hope, who is always there to give me encouragement and support. Contents Preface to the Fifth Edition, ix Preface to the First Edition, xi How to Use This Book, xv Introduction 1 What is Plant Disease? 2 Plant Pathology in the United States, 4 Principals of Control, 5 1. Garden Chemicals and Their Application 7 Fungicides, 10 Bactericides,40 Nematicides,41 Virocides, 47 Sources of Pesticides, 47 Applying the Chemicals, 51 Mixing the Chemicals, 56 All Purpose Sprays and Dusts, 58 Integrated Pest Management, 58 2. Classification of Plant Pathogens 60 Fungi,62 Bacteria,78 Viruses,81 Nematodes, 84 3. Plant Diseases and Their Pathogens 86 Anthracnose,87 Bacterial Diseases, 98 Black Knot,124 Blackleg,126 Black Mildew, 127 Black spot, 130 Blights, 135 Blotch Diseases, 187 Broomrapes, 191 Cankers and Diebacks, 192 Club Root, 226 Damping-off, 227 Dodder, 228 Downy Mildews, 231 Fairy Rings, 237 Fruit Spots, 238 Galls, 239 Leaf Blister and Leaf Curl Diseases, 242 Leaf Scorch,246 Leaf Spots, 248 Lichens, 295 Mistletoe, 296 Molds, 299 Needle Casts, 301 Nematodes,306 Nonparasitic Diseases, 333 Powdery viii • Contents Mildews, 349 Rots,362 Rusts, 421 Scab, 451 Surt 458 Slime Molds, 458 Smuts, 459 Snow mold,467 Sooty Mold, 468 Spot Anthracnose, 470 Virus Diseases, 475 White Rusts, 500 Wilt Diseases,502 Witchweed,515 4. Host Plants and Their Diseases 516 List of Land-Grant Institutions and Agricultural Experiment Stations in The United States, 875 Glossary, 879 Selected Bibliography, 889 Index, 899 Preface to the Fifth Edition It was a compliment to me to be asked to prepare the fourth edition of Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, and the decision to accept the responsi bility for the fourth edition and now the fifth edition was not taken lightly. The task has been a formidable one. I have always had a great respect professionally for Dr. Cynthia Westcott. That respect has grown considerably with the completion of the two editions. I now fully realize the tremendous amount of effort expended by Dr. Westcott in developing the Handbook. A book such as this is never finished, since one is never sure that everything has been included that should be. I would quote and endorse the words of Dr. Westcott in her preface to the first edition: "It is easy enough to start a book on plant disease. It is impossible to finish it." This revision of the Handbook retains the same general format contained in the previous editions. The chemicals and pesticides regulations have been updated; a few taxonomic changes have been made in the bacteria, fungi, and mistletoes; the changing picture in diseases caused by viruses and/or viruslike agents has been described. A few new host plants have been added, and many recently reported diseases as well as previously known diseases listed now on new hosts have been included. In addition, photographs have been replaced where possible, and the color photograph section has been retained. For the photography work I am grateful for the help and expertise of Kent E. Loeffler. I also had access to the Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium, which contains a wealth of photographic work on plant diseases that has been supplied by numerous scientists over many years. This book should be useful to gardeners, botanical gardens, landscape architects, florists, nurserymen, seed and fungicide dealers, pesticide applica tors, arborists, cooperative extension agents and specialists, plant pathologists, and consultants. The book should also be a useful reference book for plant pathology classrooms. ix x • Preface to the Fifth Edition Acknowledgments I am indebted to many people for advice and suggestions for the present revision. A few who have been particularly helpful are T J. Burr, R. A. Dunn, R. P. Korf, K. E. Loeffler, W. E Mai, and M. S. Szyndel. I want to recognize the help of my technician, S. O. Kawamoto, in my research program at Cornell University while this revision was being made. Finally, I recognize and appre ciate the professional and efficient job of typing the manuscript by Helene J. Croft, and the help I received from Helene Croft, Jeff Hogue, Stanley Kawamoto, Cristi Palmer, Leah Porter, M. Schollenberger, and my wife, Hope, in proof reading the manuscript. Preface to the First Edition The Plant Disease Handbook was designed as a companion volume to The Gardener's Bug Book, a reference book for professional and amateur garden ers and those who advise them. It turns out to be a formidable tome, and a hybrid to boot, composed of purely technical information crossed with admonitions to the layman. The result is neither a comforting bedside volume for the first-year gardener nor a treatise for the specialist in anyone field. It is a compendium (and that word means inclusion within small compass of a large subject) of available information on diseases of plants grown in gardens or in the home in continental United States. It includes some references to Alaska and the subtropical region of southern Florida, but excludes the purely tropical problems of Hawaii, the Canal Zone, and Puerto Rico. It includes florists' crops grown for home decoration and native plants some times grown in wild gardens, but excludes cotton, wheat, and other field crops. This information is filtered through, and somewhat colored by, my own experience. Once upon a time I was a normal plant pathologist. Since 1933 I have been a practicing plant physician called upon to minister to private garden patients and expected to act as a liaison agent between the university and the gardening public. When requests for free information get so numer ous I cannot salvage enough time to take care of the paying patients I write a book-first, to save my time in finding the answers, second, to encourage a few gardeners to look up the answers for themselves. The Plant Doctor, published in 1937, was quickly written, for it was based entirely on the doctor's casebook and limited to diseases and pests found most commonly in northeastern gardens. The day that galley proofs went back to the printer I set out to discover how many of my observations were true for the rest of the country. This handbook has been in the making ever since. While New Jersey gardens sleep in the winter the Ford and I have wandered thousands of miles. I have visited tiny backyard gardens and large estates, public gardens and parks, commercial nurseries and greenhouses, universities and experiment stations, from New England to Florida, from New York to California. To cite individually the people who have opened their homes and gardens, answered questions, provided bulletins and reprints, and shown experiments in progress, would fill many pages. I can give here only a collective thank-you. Garden visiting is by no means a sunny weather propo- xi
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