Page i Wendell Phillips Page ii Image not available. Page iii Wendell Phillips Liberty's Hero James Brewer Stewart Page iv Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook. Copyright © 1986 by Louisiana State University Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Designer: Diane B. Didier Typeface: Linotron 202 Trump Mediaeval Typesetter: G & S Typesetters, Inc. Printer: ThomsonShore, Inc. Binder: John H. Dekker & Sons, Inc. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Stewart, James Brewer. Wendell Phillips, liberty's hero. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Phillips, Wendell, 1811–1884. 2. Abolitionists— Massachusetts—Biography. 3. Slavery—United States— Antislavery movements. I. Title. E449.P56S74 1986 973.7'114'0924 [B] 8523793 ISBN 0807112577 (cloth) ISBN 0807123188 (paper) Frontispiece: Wendell Phillips at the age of fifty, engraving by H. W. Smith of Boston. Courtesy Chicago Historical Society, ICHi12134. Louisiana Paperback Edition, 1998 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 5 4 3 2 1 The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Page v FOR BECKY AND JENNY Page vii Contents Preface and Acknowledgments xi One 1 The Aristocrats' Child Two 19 The Studies of a Young Apollo Three 36 Career Despair and Marriage of Hope Four 54 The Second Wendell Phillips Five 76 Europe and Essex Street Six 97 Race, Class, and New England Abolitionists Seven 117 Disunionism and Politics Eight 146 Whigs and Slave Hunters Nine 177 The Orator and the Insurrectionist Ten 209 Citizen Wendell Phillips Eleven 243 Reconstruction, Capitalism, and the Franchise Twelve 270 Nationality Thirteen 296 The Eclipse of Republicanism Page viii Fourteen 320 The Travail and Solace of History Bibliography 337 Index 349 Page ix Illustrations Wendell Phillips at Fifty frontispiece Phillips Family Mansion 2 Ann Greene Phillips 50 Abolitionist Handbill 170 Wendell Phillips, Pencil Sketch 182 Wendell Phillips at about Fifty 221 Petition to Impeach Andrew Johnson 275 Wendell Phillips at Sixtyfive 312 Page xi Preface and Acknowledgments Recent scholarship on the abolitionists has minimized their importance in shaping the issues of their age. Seen as piously removed from partisan affairs, the abolitionists are said to have had an only marginal impact in the NorthSouth political conflict. Perceived as Victorian paternalists, they are declared to have been largely unable to challenge a white supremacist culture. Defined as "possessive individualists," they are considered to have been incapable of recognizing the social costs of "freelabor" industrial civilization. Understood as seekers of religious purity, they are analyzed in psychological terms that show them as more dedicated to selfdiscovery than to social struggle. In Wendell Phillips: Liberty's Hero, the first biography of this towering reform figure in over twenty years, I question or modify each of these interpretations. I do so, however, more often by implication than by direct rebuttal, for I assume that individual biography can not always claim to speak as general history. Moreover, in this book I attempt, above all else, to develop a comprehensive humanistic explanation of Phillips' life and its significance for his age. Hence, I rehearse my scholarly exceptions only when they might not be obvious to specialists or distracting to general readers. All the same, this work varies from current scholarship by presenting Phillips (and by implication his abolitionist colleagues) as a central figure in the Civil War era. Phillips developed authentic political power as an abolitionist; sought victory in fundamental social conflicts; was a
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