Weltkarten zur Klimakunde / World Maps of Climatology

36 Pages·1963·6.866 MB·English

by  H. E. Landsberg, H. Lippmann, K. H. Paffen, C. Troll (auth.), E. Rodenwaldt, H. J. Jusatz (eds.)

WELTKARTEN ZUR KLIMAKUNDE
VON
H. E. LAN DSBERG, H. LIPPMANN, KH. PAFFEN
UND C. TROLL
HERAUSGEGEBEN IM AUFTRAGE DER
HEIDELBERGER AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
VON
J.
E. H.
RODENWALDT U ND JUSATZ
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1963
WORLD MAPSOF CLIMATOLOGY
BY
H. E. LANDSBERG,H. LIPPMANN, KH. PAFFEN
AND C. TROLL
EDITED UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF THE
HEIDELBERGER AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
BY
J.
E. RODENWALDT AND H. JUSATZ
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1963
Veröffentlichung der Geomedizinischen Forschungsstelle der Heidelberger Akademie
der Wissenschaften
Publication of the Geomedical Research Unit of the Heidelberg Academy of Seiences
Alle Rechte, insbesondere das der Übersetzung in fremde Sprachen, vorbehalten I Ohne ausdrückliche
Genehmigung des Verlages ist es auch nicht gestattet, dieses Buch oder Teile daraus auf photo
mechanischem Weg (Photokopie, Mikrokopie) oder auf andere Art zu vervielfältigen
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.
ISBN 978-3-662-37069-8 ISBN 978-3-662-37774-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-37774-1
© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1963
Ursprünglich erschienen bei Springer-Verlag OHG I Berlin göttingen Heidelberg 1963.
Softcover reprint of the bardeover 1st edition 1963
Library of Congress Catalog Card Nurober
Map 63-15 I
Vorwort
Als im ersten Band des Welt-Seuchen-Atlas vor erst einmal in übersichtskarten auf die geoökologischen
10 Jahren einige Klimakarten über Temperaturverhält Probleme aufmerksam zu machen.
nisseund Niederschläge in Europa erschienen,wurde von Die Herausgeber möchten mit den in dieser Ausgabe
einigen Kritikern nicht verstanden, warum einem Atlas vorgelegten Weltkartenzur Klimakunde denjenigen Wis
über die Verbreitung von SeuchenKarten mit klimatolo senschaftlern, die den Welt-Seuchen-Atlas benutzen, die
gischen Angaben beigegebenwurden. Offensichtlichschien Möglichkeit ·einer Ergänzung der darin befindlichen
der Gewinn an Korrelationen zu gering, die aus den An Klimakarten für Untersuchung weiterer Korrelationen
gaben über klimatische Verhältnisse zu dem Auftreten geben, aber auch allen biologisch und klimatologisch
von Seuchen in den gleichen Gebieten gezogen werden interessierten Fachkreisen ein Hilfsmittel für weitere
konnten. Im zweiten Band wurde die Reihe der Klima geoökologische Forschungen zur Verfügung stellen.
karten für den afrikanischen Kontinent durch karto Die bisher veröffentlichten Klimakarten, die für die
graphische Darstellungen der Regenzeiten und der Trok ersten 3Bände desWelt-Seuchen-Atlas von Professor Dr.
kenzeiten sowie durch eine Schwülekarte erweitert. Für KARL KNOCH, Direktor i.R. des Wetterdienstes der
den dritten Band konnte außer den Weltkarten über Bundesrepublik Deutschland, entworfen worden sind,
Temperatur- und Niederschlagsverhältnisse auch eine bildeten das kartographische Vorbild für die neuen Kar
Karte über die Schwülezonen der Erde beigegeben wer ten dieser Ausgabe. Diese Klimakarten sind sämtlich auf
den. Es fehlten aber immer noch Karten, in denen die der gleichenGrundlage einer Weltkarte in flächentreuer
Klimazonen der inneren Tropen, der Randtropen, der Projektion im Maßstab 1:45 Mill. entwickelt worden,
Etesien und andere für eine Seuchenverbreitung ent damit sie untereinander und mit den Seuchenkarten des
scheidende Klimagebiete voneinander abgegrenzt wer Welt-Seuchen-Atlas vergleichbar sind. Die Klimakarten
den. Für eine Darstellung dieser biologisch und patho von Europa (1:10 Mill.) und von Afrika (1:20 Mill.)
logisch bedeutsamen Klimaklassifikationen genügen die sind ebenso wie die Weltkarten über Temperaturvertei
Angaben für Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit und lung im Januar und Juli, Jahressummen des Nieder
deren Kombination nicht mehr. Für eine geomedizinische schlags und über Schwülezonen der Erde in Form von
Betrachtung müßten sich Nosozonen aus bestimmten Sonderausgaben als Veröffentlichungen der Geomedizi
Klimaklassifikationen unmittelbar ableiten lassen.Hierzu nischen Forschungsstelle der Heidelberger Akademie der
bedarf es jedoch noch weiterer Vorarbeiten, für die die Wissenschaftenerschienenund können vom Falk-Verlag,
hier vorgelegten Karten einen neuen Beitrag darstellen Hamburg 1,Burchardstraße 8, bezogen werden.
sollen. Die Herausgeber sind Herrn Dr. HERBERT E.LANDS
Die Gelegenheit, auf dem 2. Internationalen Bio BERG, Direktor der Klimatologischen Abteilung des Wet
klimatologischen Kongreß in London 1960 auf die Be terdienstes der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika in
deutung von geomedizinischen Karten für eine bioklima Washington, zu großem Dank verpflichtet, daß er die in
tologische Klimaklassifikation aufmerksam zu machen, seiner Abteilung entworfenen Klimakarten zur Ver
hat das Interesse an der Herausgabe weiterer Weltkarten fügung gestellt hat. Herr Professor Dr. eARL TROLL,
von Klimafaktoren, denen eine besondere biologische Direktor des Geographischen Instituts der Universität
Bedeutung zukommt, verstärkt. Wir wissen heute auf Bonn, derzeit Präsident der Internationalen Geographi
Grund vieler geographischer Erfahrungen und Forschun schen Union, hat sein Interesse durch überlassung der
gen, daß das Vorkommen einzelner Krankheiten und von ihm unter Mitarbeit von Herrn Professor Dr, KH.
SeuchenalsbiologischeIndikatoren für bestimmteKlima PAFFEN entworfenen Weltkarte der Jahreszeitenklimate
verhältnisse gelten können, sie reihen sichdamit als Be bekundet, wofür die Herausgeber ihm hierdurch ihren
standteileeiner ökologischenKlimatographie in die große Dank aussprechen.
Anzahl bereits bekannter ökologischer Indikatoren ein.
Es wird hierfür immer dringender notwendig, zunächst E. Rodenwaldt und H. J. Jusatz
Foreworcl
When the first volume of the World Atlas of Epi eeologieal c1imatography. Therefore, it seemsdesirable to
demie Diseases was published ten years ago, some of its draw attention to the geo-eeologieal problems by pu
erities did not quite see the point why maps depieting blishing general climatic maps.
the distribution of epidemie diseases in Europe should be In publishing the present issue of global c1imatie
aeeompanied by maps eontaining climatologieal data, maps, the editors want, on the one hand, to eneourage
No appreeiable value, they argued, was to be derived seientists using the Atlas to eomplement the maps by
from the eorrelations between climatic conditions and further studies of other eorrelations. On the other hand,
the prevalenee of epidemie diseases in eertain areas. In they would like to offer to all students in the field of
addition to clirnatological maps for Afriea, the seeond biology and c1imatology an aid for further geo-eeo
volume of the World Atlas was provided with a earto logieal studies.
graphieal representation of the rainy and dry seasons,
The new c1imatie maps of the present issue are pat
and a map of thermie sultriness, for Afriea. The third
terned afrer those previously published in the first three
volume, finally, presented aglobai thermie sultriness
volumesof the World Atlas of Epidemie Diseases, whieh
map, in addition to global maps of temperature and pre
had been prepared by Professor Dr. KARL KNOCH,
cipitation,Still, there was no representation deliminating
retired Director of the Weather Service of the Federal
the climatic regions of the equatorial zone, the mar
Republie of Germany. Drawn as equal-area projection
ginal tropies, the etesian c1imate, and other c1imatie
(scale 1:45,000,000), they ean be eompared with one
regions associated with the distribution of eertain epi
another asweil as with the maps of epidemie diseases of
demie diseases. In order to give a true pieture of these
the World Atlas. The c1imate maps of Europe (scale
biologieally deeisive climatic c1assifieations, mere data
1:10,000,000) and Afriea (scale 1:20,000,000), as well
on air temperature and air humidity, and a eombination
as the world maps on temperature distribution in Janu
thereof, were found to be inadequate. It is felt that, in
ary and July, the annual precipitation maps, and the
a geomedieal study, it should be possible to ~raw.dire~t
thermie sultriness maps, have been published as special
eonc1usions on eertain nosozones from specific climatic
issues by the Heidelberg Aeademy of Seienees and are
classifications, To attain this goal, new studies will have
available at the Falk Verlag Publishers, Hamburg 1,
to be made. The present maps are designed as another
8 Burchardstrasse.
step in this direetion.
The editors feel greatly indebted to Dr. HERBERT
The 2nd International Bioc1imatologieal Congress in
E. LANDSBERG, Director, Climatology, United States
London, 1960, was taken as an opportunity to draw
c.,
Weather Bureau, Washington, D. for plaeing at
attention to the signifieanee of geomedieal maps and
their disposal the maps prepared in his department. Pro
their role in a bioc1imatologieal c1assifieation of climates,
fessor Dr. CARL TROLL, Director of the Institute of Geo
As a result, there has been evidenee of growing interest
graphy of the University of Bonn, President of the
in the publieation of other global maps depieting cli
International Geographieal Union, has proven his inter
matie faetors that may be regarded as having special
est and, in collaboration with Professor Dr, KH.
biologieal importance. On the grounds of broad geo
PAFFEN most obligingly prepared the global maps of
graphieal experieneeand research,it isgenerally aeeepted
seasonal climatics. The editors are deeply indebted to
that the ineidenee of epidemie diseases may be regarded
this eontribution.
as biologieally indieative of eertain c1imatie eonditions.
As such, they may be added to the long list of already
known eeologieal indieators which form the basis of an E. Rodenwaldt and H. J.Jusatz
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Vorwort. Von E.RODENWALDT und H. J.]USATZ . . . . . . . . V
Die Verteilung der Sonnen- und Himmelsstrahlung auf der Erde. Von H. E. LANDSBERG.
Mit 22 Diagrammen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
]ahreszeitenklimate der Erde. Der jahreszeitliche Ablauf des Naturgeschehens in den ver-
schiedenen Klimagürteln der Erde. Von C. TROLL.Mit 8 Diagrammen . . . . 7
Karten-Nr.:
1 Mittlere Sonnenscheindauer im Januar (Stunden). Von H. LIPPMANN.
2 Mittlere Sonnenscheindauer im Juli (Stunden). Von H. LIPPMANN.
3 Sonnenscheindauer (Jahressummen in Stunden). Von H. E. LANDSBERG.
4 Globale Himmelsstrahlung (Kcal/cm2/]ahr). Von H. E. LANDSBERG.
5 ]ahreszeitenklimate der Erde. Von C. TROLL und KH. PAFFEN.
SämtlicheKarten 1:45 Mi11.
Contents
Foreword. By E. RODENWALDT and H. J.]USATZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI
Global Distribution of Solar ~nd Sky Radiation. By H. E. LANDSBERG. With 22 Diagrams 1
Seasonal Climares of the Earth. The seasonal course of natural phenomena in the different
c1imatic zones of the earth. By C. TROLL.With 8 Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . 19
Map No.:
1 Mean ]anuary Sunshine (Hours). By H. LIPPMANN.
2 Mean ]uly Sunshine (Hours). By H. LIPPMANN.
3 Total Hours of Sunshine (Annual). By H. E. LANDSBERG.
4 Generalized Isolines of Global Radiation (Kcal./cm.2/Yr.). By H. E. LANDSBERG.
5 Seasonal Climates of the Earth. By C. TROLL and KH. PAFFEN.
Every map 1:45,000,000
Global Distribution of Solar and SkyRadiation
By
Dr. phi!. nat. H. E. LANDSBERG,
Director, Climatology, US Weather Bureau Washington
With 22 Diagrams
It is quite appropriate that sunshine maps should in units of gramcalories per square centirneter per day
accompany an atlas of diseases. Of all the climatic ele (for various months). Although it does not give the
ments sunshine is the only one for which both direct and number of days on which one might expect sunshine this
indirect effects on health have become conclusively measure conveys again a general picture of solar radi
proven. We need to point only to the relations of sun ation in various zones. An attempt was made to present
shine to tanning of the skin, to erythema, to rickets and at least one station for each latitude zone and most of
to skin cancer to make this clear. The therapeutic value the major climatic subdivisions on earth.
of sunshine for many diseases, skin ailments, rheumatoid The global pattern of radiation in the generalized
arthritis, and other muscular-skeletal diseases has often form looks deceptively simple. On land above latitudes
been cited, It has been even indicated as a factor in the of 35° N and S there is a gradual decrease to the polar
incidence of multiple sclerosis. regions. This characterizes the radiation as a primarily
The possible effects of solar radiation on disease seasonal phenomenon. In the higher latitudes Iittle radi
vectors can at present only be suspected but the lethal ation can be expected in winter but most falls into the
effect of short-wave radiation from the sun on certain time interval berween the spring and autumn equinox.
microbial organisms makes it a Factor of major im In the higher latitudes over the oceans the areas of the
portance. semi-perrnanent low pressure cells over the Atlantic
Although these bioclimatic circumstances exist, the (Icelandic Low) and Pacific (Aleutian Low) and in
available information on both sunshine and solar radia 60° S on the southern hemisphere are the cloud covered
tion leaves much to be desired. For example, only a regions with little radiation.
very few stations regularly measure the incident radia The equatorial belt over the continents also shows a
tion, separated by spectral regions. For biological pur relative minimum of radiation, This is the zone of the
poses it would be highly desirable to chart the ultraviolet intertropical convergence zone of air flow. Much cloud
(A and B), the infrared, and the visible radiation iness and frequent downpour of rain, interrupted by
intensities separately. Even for the total radiation on sunny intervals, are the distinguishing mark of this zone.
the horizontal surface data are scarce. In some areas whole seasons of several weeks have sun
Yet a beginning can be made for giving a broad view shine with scattered cloudiness only.
of the radiation conditionsby presenting the annual ra The major belts of sunshine are in the subtropics
diation sum on a horizontal surface. This Factor gives where for dynamical reasons high pressure systemsand
the total of the direct solar radiation and the diffuse subsiding air currents prevai!. These are at the same time
sky radiation, This amount is governed primarily by the zones of desert and arid or semi-arid conditions. In
latitude, altitude, cloudiness and by the atmospheric the northern hemisphere they have their greatest extent
turbidity. The isolines shown in the accompanying map from Mauretania and Morocco through the vast parched
give the total radiation sum in form of heat energy, in areas of the Sahara, Egypt and Sudan into the Middle
units of kilogram calories per square centimeterper year. East, Arabia, Iran and West Pakistan. In the Amerieas
This energy unit conveys at least a general picture Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico while
of the distribution of this element over the surface of not as dry as their old-world counterparts share in the
the earth. Over the ocean the actual data are restricted wealth of solar radiation.
to a few island stations. The remainder was inferred On the Southern Hemisphere parts of the Chilean
from the mean cloudiness. This is a tenuous derivation coast and Argentina have high solar radiation. Similar
and hence the lines are quite uncertain in those areas. conditions prevail in SW-Africa (Kalahari) and the
Inland there were somewhat better data. Records could typical Savannahs to the east, Central Australia also
be obtained for over 300 stations. Most of them were in refleets the charaeteristic subrropical radiation pattern.
operation for a short period only. Some of them were A map of the seale presented here can, of course, not
specially established for the interval of the International depict all the detailed facets of the radiation pattern
Geophysical Year and International Geophysical Co aetually eneountered in nature. Position of a location
operation. These records generally comprise only the with respect to major water bodies, and mountain ranges
21/2 year period from July 1957 to December 1959. is of greatest importance. In mountainous terrain places
However, with the help of long-record stations the iso to the lee of the prevailing wind direetion enjoy more
lines were drawn to reflect approximately the decade sunshine than those on windward slopes.Seasonally loeal
1951-1960. fog formation may also have a profound influence on
For some of the best stations monthly values are both radiation intensities and sunshine duration.
shown in the accompanying diagrams. On these graphs With increasing elevation, by and large, radiation
the radiation intensity on the horizontal surface appears intensity increases. In particular, the relative share of
Weltkartenzur Klimakunde
2 H.E.LANDSBERG:Global Distributionof Solar andSky Radiation
rhe ultraviolet part of the spectrum increases. It should duced errors that have not been evaluated but are
further be remembered that radiation from below plays assumed to be minor. This assumption is based on the
an important role in areas where part of the incoming fact that no discontinuities or steep gradients were de
radiation is reflected by snow surfaces and light sands. tected along national boundaries, exceptsea coasts.
This additional radiation is not contained in the data These charts show the differences between the hemi
shown because the usual measuring equipment is not spheres and the seasons. Particularly notable is rhe small
designed to receive it. However, biologically this reflec area in January that has over 10 hours per day sunshine
ted light may bea major characteristic of a local clirnate, (isoline350 hours per monthor higher). Only SW-Africa
As a supplement to the annual radiation two maps and the interior of Australia show such sunny climate.
show the mean sunshine duration in January and July. This is, of course, during their summer season. A few
The analyses were based on data from 1,162 stations spots in the Sahara, the middle Nile valley, and Arabia
unevenly distributed over the land surfacesof the world. come close to thesevalues even during the winter season.
These were supplemented by estirnates for 262 locations On the other hand, the storrn belt of the southern
along the sea routes for which monthly mean cloudiness latitudes around 50° and much of the northern latitudes
data had been calculated for recent marine atlases. The above 40° average less than 100 hours of sunshine for
formula that was used for these estimates was: the whole month of January. Parts of interior Brazil
and nearly all of Eeast Asia are in the cloud.covered
S=T(10-C),
zones.
where S= estimated monthly sunshine duration, Quite in contrast, there are large areas in July with
T = maximumpossiblemonthlysunshineduration, over 350 sunshine hours. Most coherent is the North
C = monthly mean cloudiness, in tenths, African-Mediterranean-Middle East Territory. Next is
Broken lines were used to indicate areas in the analyses a large area of western North America. A high value
that were based principally on cloudiness and estimated spot is shown in the polar seas. This is based, however,
data, on one short record only,
The periods of record used to calculate the monthly The areas with lirtle sunshine cover many ocean
means were not uniform. Wherever possible mean data areas and the latitudes below 40° S. Quite remarkable
were taken directly from reference sources, some of is the cloudiness following the outline of the Eastern
which were published as early as the first decade of this Pacific along the west edge of the Americas. Low values
century. Additional values were obtained by summa over India because of the summer monsoon also stand
rizing the most recent monthly duration data available. out. In that subcontinent, it should be remembered,
In the latter cases, a maximum of 10 years' data were maximum sunshine prevails in spring.
summarized while in some regions of sparse data and In the accompanying diagrams, monthly mean totals
poor coverage it was necessary to be satisfied with only of the duration of sunshineare also presented for various
2 years of records. locations together with the mean daily radiation inten
The difference in response of the various designs of sitieson a horizontal surface where these were available.
sunshine recorders that furnished these records intro- (For references see the end of the German text.)
650~------, 650~--------,
i\
600.---- - - - --, 600 1\ 600 (/\\ 600.----- - ----,
/i 1\ I \
550 \ 550 1\ 550 I \ 550 ,.-, I
540500 \I \Y"\I\, IIr-:'\ IIII 540500 III,II \\\,'A\{, 540500 II/II \\,j'~i\\\ 540500 \I\\\ I,(\"III
400 \'-JI \1 400 II " , 400 II \\ 400 \\ II
I \ I I \ I
350 350 , 350 • \ 350 \, II
\ I
300 300 300 300 \"
250 250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
o o
12 12 12 6 12
Trivandrum Mexico Mexiko NewDelhi Luanda
8° 29'N 19°24'N 28°35'N 8°49' S
76°57' E 99° 12'W 77° 12'E 13° 13'E
3
H.E.LANDSBERG:Global Distribution of Solar and Sky Radiation
800
,
750
1\
I
\
700 I \
I \
565450050000 I,/II111•\\....,\\\\\, 665540555000000 IIIIIIIIIII \\\\,II\\\\,, 655400550000 ,,I,IIIII'\\\\\\\ 665450555000000 ,IIII,IIIIIII \\\\\\\IIII\I
400 II I 400 II I 400 ,,I \I 400 ,II \I
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350 I \\, 350 .II I\ 350 I II 350 II \\
300 300 I\ 300 II \\, 300 II \\
\ I \ \
250 250 I 250
I I
200 200 200 II \ 200
\
I
150 150 150 150
100 100 100 100
50 ·50 50 50
12 12 0 12 0 12
Miami Brownsville Knoxville-Oak Ridge LasVegas
25°49'N 25° 54'N 35°49'N 36° 14'N
80° 17'W 97°30'W 83°59'W 115°02'W
800 800
750 ,;\ 750 ''\\
\ I \
700 700 II \\ 700 II \\
665055000' II,,,11•\\\\\ 665055000 II,II11 \\\\\\\ 566055000 III'I'II \\\\\\I, 566055000 1I11'\\\\
544330500500000 ,IIIIIIII,,11I \\\\I\\\\\\\\ 543430550000000 IIII,I,IIIII I\\\\\\\\\\\, 543430055000000 ,,,IIIIIII I\\I,I,\\\\, 534430005500000 .I,II,III',''I ,\\I\\\\\\\\\
I \\ 250 250 II \\
\
200
200 200
150
150 150
100
100 100
50
50 50
0
12 0 6 12 0 12 12
LosAngeles Albuquerque Phoenix Atlanta
33°56' N 35°05'N 33°26'N 33°45'N
118°23'W 106°43'W 112°01'W 84°23'W
1*