Wells Construction Peace Corps 1999

289 Pages·1999·9.09 MB·English

A project of Volunteers in Asia

.
trucw

by: Richard
E. Brush

Published
by:
Peace Corps
Information
Collection
and Exchange
806 Connecticut
Avenue,
N.W.
Washington,
DC 20525
USA

Available
from:
Peace Corps
Information
Collection
and Exchange
806 Connecticut
Avenue,
N.W.
Washington,
DC 20525
USA

Reproduction
of this
microfiche
document
in any
form is subject
to the same restrictions
as those
of the original
document.

APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGIES
FOR DEVELOP

J&2

--
s
--
--
--
--

INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE
c,t

Errata

Design
Alternatives,
Inc.
designed,
edited
and illustrated
WELLS CONSTRUCT10

based on Peace Corps materials
and experience.
Author
Richard
Brush,
Editor
Dave Tyler
and Illustrator
Laura
Could
are former
Peace Corps Volunteers.

Note that
figures
A and B have been printed,
for
reference
purposes,
inside
the front
and back covers
and can be unfolded
to use in conjunction
with
any
other
part
of the manual.
.

NOTES AND ERRATA

page
line

i
32

V
11

39
28

60
8

66
d.

82
25

86

too

L14

10

Fig
9-l

1

27

-53

-8-2

-85

-94

-95

.99

100

!25

154

.. 28

18

35

29

32

15

7

8

othera

Figures
(A and B),
which
appear
inside
the
front
and
back covers
are reproduced
at the
beginnings
06 Sec&ia~
Two and Sec.tian-
Tbcee
RenpecXiveCg.

'Wood precedes
"This
also
is only
a temporary
solution"

pre-ca6lt
not
pre-cut

Vertical
re-rods
of the
first
pour
we&e Stied Ita tthe
velttical
Ite-&tocfA od lthe second
paulr. before
concrete
was placed
behind
the mold for
the second meter.

fi hold
diameter)
- (lining
thickness)
x 3.1476
+ 20
(re-rod
diameter)
+ 2(5 cm end hooks P = length

Tkti
lining
method

Trough
or Chan~et

in the
CemenX Appendix

10 mm re-rod

delete
dashes
before
last
two paragraphs

11F a tripod

Rotating
the pipe
CeoCkMiAe will
assist
. . .

well
&i&&g
operation

delete
co at the beginning
of the line

eXtWd
.
o/L where drilling
mud

make it
cute
properly

the
cy4irzdeh
material

ABOUT THIS MANUAL...

Wells
Construction
is a how-to
manual,
the ninth
in Peace
'.'---7 _ _..----~--
Corps
Appropriate
Technologies
for
Development
manual
series.
It
is
designed
as a working
and teaching
tool
kor development
workers
in their
field
activities,
with
information
presented
in a form easily
adapted
to on-the-job
needs.
Wells
Construc-
tion
brings
together
in one volume
- - .--___I_
the principles
of wells
construction
and the practical
techniques
currently
being
used and tested
around
the world.
Of course
it
is
impossible
in a single
publication
to cover
all
situations,
but
those
who understand
the basic
unchanging
principles
can adapt
and modify
ideas,
suggestions,
and technologies
from another
part
of the world
to their
own situation.

Manuals
in the Appropriate
Technologies
for
Development
series
are based on Peace Corps
field
experience.
Since
the Peace Corps
began in 1961,
more than
82,000
Volunteers
have served
in some
75 countries
around
the world
in people-to-people
development
projects.
Living
and working
at the grassroots
level,
they
have learned
the restrictions
of high
technology:
with
very
limited
resources,
they
join
their
host
country
counterparts
in adapting
local
materials
and technologies
for
better
health,
agriculture,
education,
and overall
community
development.
Years
before
the
term
"appropriate
technology"
came into
usage,
Peace Corps Volunteers
and their
hosts
were pioneering
in this
field.

ICE,
Peace Corps'
Information
Collection
& Exchange,
was estab-
lished
to take
ideas
and technical
information
developed
in the
field
and to share
them widely
among Peace Corps Volunteers
and
other
working
at the grassroots
development
level.
In addition
to publishing
Peace Corps Appropriate
Technologies
for
Develop-
ment Manuals,
Reprints,
and Resource
Packets,
ICE serves
as the
technical
assistance
unit
with
Peace Corps,
answering
specific
requests
from Volunteers
for
project
related
information.

For an annotated
listing
of publications
or for
more information,
contact:
Peace Corps
Information
Collection
& Exchange(ICE)
Washington,
D.C.
20525
USA

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks
are due to F. Eugene McJunkin
for
his
technical
review
of the material
in Wells
Construction.
Thanks to Sam
Kunkle
who wrote
Appendix
II,
Vegetation
as an Index
of Ground
Water.

i

Thanks
also
to the many people
\who helped
in the preparation
of this
manual,
especially
Craig
Hafner,
Howard Ebenstein,
Brenda
Gates,
Francis
Luzzatto,
Laurel
Druben,
Sue
Chappelear,
Pascal
Pittman,
Mary Ernsberger,
Vie Wehman, Vicki
Fries,
Verne11
Womack, and Teri
Barila.

ii

INTRODUCTION

Purpose

This
manual
is
intended
for
use by development
workers
involved
in the
construction
of wells
to
supply
water
to a local
population
for
personal
con-
sumption.
It
has been designed
to help
field
workers
with
little
or no construction
experience
to assist
communities
in:

l
planning
and designing
a well,
or wells,
appropriate
to the
needs of the
local
population;

0
assessing
the
advantages
or disadvantages
of
locally
available
construction
materials;

a
deciding
on the most appropriate
construction
techniques;

0
constructing
a well,
or
wells,
capable
of
meeting
the community's
needs.

Most of the materials,
tools,
and methods
covered
in this
manual
are applicable
throughout
the world
in a
variety
of local
situations.
The techniques
are designed
to be useful
in the
rural
areas
of most developing
countries.
Step-by-step
plans
outline
construction
materials
and techniques
to be used where
skills
may be
limited.
Although
all
potential
situations
cannot
be
covered,
this
manual
provides
enough background
to allow
workers
to assess
unusual
situations,
and determine-what
available
techniques
might
be useful.

Organization
of This
Manual

The manual
is
organized
into
three
sections.
Section
One,
Planning,
introduces
the knowledge
needed
for
wells
planning
and discusses
those
aspects
of water
development
and wells
construction
that
should
be
considered
before
a wells
project
is begun.
It
also
presents
an outline
of the different
methods
of con-
structing
wells.
These are covered
in greater
detail
in the next
two sections.
Section
One will
give
you some
basic
ideas
about
the
kind
of well
that
might
be most
appropriate
in your
situation.

iii

Section
Two, Hand Dug Wells,
provides
information
on wells
that
can,
or must,
be dug by hand:

0
a detailed
outline
of the tasks
involved
in wells
construction;

0
a discussion
of the
top,
middle
and bottom
sections
of a hand dug well,
their
parts,
and methods
used in constructing
them;

0
the
tools,
equipment
and materials
needed;

0
if
tools
and supplies
can safely
be lowered
into
and out
of
the well:

a
hole:
the
operations
that
must take
place
in the

l
details
of the
construction
of the middle
section;

a
details
of the construction
of the bottom
section.

Section
Three,
Drilled
Wells,provides
information
ondrilling
techniques
that
can be used in certain
situations:

drill?
the basicaomponents
and procedures
used in
ng for
water;

l
the different
possible
sinking
methods;

l
a detailed
description
of equipment
and
procedures
used in a variety
of hand-drilling
methods;

l
how the
bottom
section
of a drilled
well
is
constructed
and finished
for
use.

Several
anoendices
follow,
giving
useful
information
on:

l
Metric-English
measurement
conversion;

a
vegetation
as a possible
indicator
of water;

iv

0
use of dynamite;

a
use of cement;

0
techniques
of
levelling
and plumbing
molds;

0
piping;

0
pumps.

Following
these,
the
two Figures
(A and B) which
appear
inside
the
front
and back covers
are reproduced
for
convenience,
and the manual
concludes
with
a glossary
and an annotated
bibliography.
L
How the Manual
Can Be Used

You can use this
manual:

0
as a text
to teach
and train
people
about
wells
and their
use;

0
to locate
the
information
necessary-to
construct
a Well;

a
to stimulate
thinking
about
possible
useful
modifications
of presently
used techniques;

0
to locate
other
sources
of information.

V

TOP

I NTAtie
SEC!-ION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION ONE:
PLANNING

Chapter
1:
Introduction
to Wells
Planning
. . . . .
1

SECTION TWO: HAND DUG WELLS

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

2:

3:

4:

5:

Chapter
6:

Chapter
7:

Chapter
8:

Chapter
9:

Introduction
to Hand Dug Wells

Well
Design
. . . . . . . . .

Supplies
. . . . . . . . . . .

Lowering
and Raising
Workers
and Equipment
. . . . . . . .

Digging
. . . . . . . . . . .

The Middle
Se&ion:
Overview
of Lining
Techniques
. . . n

Construction
of the Middle
Section
. . . . . . . . . .

Construction
of the Bottom
Section
. . . . . . . . . .

SECTION THREE:
DRILLED WELLS

Chapter
10:

Chapter
11:

Chapter
12:

Chapter
13:

Chapter
14:

Chapter
15:

Introduction
to Drilled
Wells

Drilling
and Casing
Techniques

Construction:
Hand Rotary
and
Hand Percussion
Methods
. . .

Construction:
Sludger
Method

Construction:
Driven
and Jetted

The Bottom
Section
. a . . . . . .

. 19

.'23

. 37

. 43

. 57

. 63

. 77

. 99

.117

.129

.147

.165

.173

l 191

vii

APPENDICES

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix

I:

II:

III:

IV:

v:

VI:

VII:

Appendix
VIII:

1
Pumps..........

Water Treatment
in Wells

Appendix
IX:
Rope Strength
. .

Conversion
Factors
and Tables
.

Vegetation
as an Index
of
Ground Water
. . . . . .

Uses of Dynamite
in
Hand Dug Wells
. . . . .

Cement
. . . . . . . . .

Leveling
and Plumbing
the

Pipe
. . . . . . . . . .

Glossary
of Terms . . . . .

Annotated
Bibliography
. .

.
.
n

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

Mold

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.209

.211

.213

.221

,239

.243

.249

.261

. 267

.269

.273

viii

1

Chapter
1

INTRODUCTION TO WHLLS PLANNING

A.
Overview

There
is water
at some depth
almost
everywhere
beneath
the
earth's
surface.
A well
is a dug or drilled
hole
that
extends
deep enough
into
the
ground
to reach
water.
Wells
are usually
circular
and walled
with
stone,
concrete
or pipe
to prevent
the hole
from.caving
in.
They are sunk by
digging
or drilling
through
one or more layers
of soil
and
rock
to reach
a layer
that
is
at least
partially
full
of
water
called
an aquifer.
The top of the aquifer,
or the
level
beneath
which
the
ground
is
saturated
with
water,
is
called
the water
table.
In some areas
there
is more than
one aquifer
beneath
the water
table.
Deep wells,
such as
those
sunk by large
motorized
equipment,
can reach
and pull
water
from more than
one aquifer
at the
same time.
However,
this
manual will
only
discuss
sinking
wells
to the
first
usable
aquifer
with
hand-powered
equipment.

B.
The Need for
Adequate
Water
Supply

A new properly
built
well
can provide
people
with
more
and better
water.
But the new well
itself
may have little
or no impact
on the
surrounding
community's
health
if
the
well
users
do not
know how to make effective
use of the
water.

It
is
important
to learn
the water
needs of a local
population
in order
to construct
an appropriate
water
source.
In all
locales
an adequate
supply
of clean
water
is essential
for
maintaining
and improving
health.
Many of the most com-
mon and serious
diseases
in developing
countries
are closely
related
to the
amount and quality
of water
people
use.
With-
out
an adquate
supply
of clean
water,
little
can be done to
control
diseases
that
spread
through
contaminated
water
supplies.

In order
to ascertain
local
needs,
you must consider
two limiting
aspects
to the provision
of water:
1) the
quality
of the water
and 2) the
quantity
of water
available
locally.

Good quality
water
does not
contain
chemicals
and
bacteria
which
are hazards
to health
and life.
of water
can be assured
by:
The quality

2

l
locating
the
site
to avoid
possible
water
contamination;

l
proper
construction
of the well
or any other
water
source,
contamination;
to protect
the water
supply
from

0
initial
and periodic
water
treatment,
usually
with
chlorine,
to kill
dangerous
bacteria
(see
Appendix
VIII,
Water Treatment);

l
education
of the
local
users
so that
they
can main-
tain
the
purity,
or at least
prevent
the gross
con-
tamination
of their
water.

The quantity
of water
is often
more difficult
to
ensure.
Especially
in a rural
setting,
access
(distance)
to water
will
often
limit
the amount that
can be used by
each individual,
because
of
the time
needed to convey
it.
Quantity,
however,
has a direct
bearing
on health.

Five
liters
per person
per day is considered
the
minimum consumption
level,
although
desert
dwellers
exist
on less.
More than
50 liters
per person
per day,
1
/,
it
has been estimated,
gains
no further
health
benefits.
Twenty-five
liters
per person
per day may become an
I/
acceptable
goal
in places
where piped
connections
to
individual
houses
are not
feasible.
Wherever
possible,
water
use beyond
minimum-level
consumption
should
be en-
couraged.
Consumption
will
rise
under
the
following
cir-
cumstances:

0
new well
construction
to provide
a water
source
closer
to a group
of people,
who will
then
presumably
be able
to gather
more water
in the
same amount of time
that
they
previously
were
able
to do;

l
education
of local
users
toward
a greater
use of
water,
especially
for
hygienic
purposes
(bathing,
washing
clothes
and cooking
utensils).

The quantity
of water
needed may also
be signifi-
cantly
affected
by the number of livestock
that
require
water
and by whether
the water
is
to be used for
garden
irrigation.