Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies

289 Pages·1996·5.65 MB·English

by  Gosta Esping-Andersen

WelfarSet ates
inT ransition
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UNITE.DN ATIONSR E.SE.ARCHI NSTITUTFE.O RS OCIADLE. VE.LOPME.NT
TheU nitNeadt iRoensse aIrncsht ifotrSu otceiD aelv elop(mUeNnRtI SD)
isa na utonoamgoeunstc hyae tn gaignem su lti-disrceispelaoirntnc haher y
socidailm ensoifoc nosn tempporraorbyla efemfcst idnegv elopImtesn t.
woriksg uidbeytd h ceo nvictthiafotorn,e ffectdievvee loppmoelnittco i es
bef ormulaatneud n,d erstaonftd hiesn ogc iaanldp olitciocnatlie sx t
crucTihaeIl n.s tiattutteemt popt rso vgiodvee rnments, daegveenl­opment
ciegsr,a ssroorogtasn izaantdsi cohnoslw airtashb ettuenrdr estanodfi ng
howd eveloppmoelnitac nidpe rso ceosfes ceosn omsiocc,ai nadle nviron­
mentcahla nagfeefc dti efrfesnotc giraolu Wposr.k itnhgr oaunge hx tensive
netwoorfnk a tiorneasle acrecnht UrNeRs,I SaDi mtsop romootrei ginal
reseaarncdsh t rengrtehseenac racpha ciindt eyv elocpoiunngt ries.
Itrse searchi ntchleCumrdeiess A idjsu,s tmaenndSt o ciCahla ngSeo;c io­
Economic andC onPsoelqiutoeifnc cateIlhsn e t ernaTtriaodinenIa lll icit
DrugEsn;v ireonntSm,u staiDneavbelleo pamnedSn otc iCahla ngEet;h nic
ConfliacntdD evelopImnetnetg;r Gaetnidniegnr t Doe velopPmoelnitc y;
ParticiapnadCt hiaonngi enPs r opeRretlya tiinCo onmsm unainsdPt o st­
CommunSioscti eRteiufegse;eR se,t urnaenedLs o cSaolc iaentdPy o;l itical
VioleanncdSe o ciMaolv emeUnNtRsI. SrDe seaprrjcoehcf tocsu soendt he
199W5o rlSdu mmifortS ociDaelv elopmentR eitnhcilnuSkdoiecndig a l
Developimnte hn1et99 0sEc;o noRmeisct ructuNreiwSn ogc Piaoanlldi cies;
EthnDiicv erasnidPt uyb lPiocl icainedts hW;ea r-TSoornc iePtrjioeecst .
A listt hIeonf s t'isfter ueta endp ricpeudb liccaatinbo en so btbayi ned
writtion:g UNRRIeSfDe,r eCnecnet Prael,a diessN atioCnHs-2,1 11,
Genev1a0S ,w itaznedr.l
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WELFARES TATES
INT RANSITION
NationAadla ptatiionn s
GlobaElc onomies
editbeyd
G0stEas ping-Andersen
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� Publiisnha esds ociwaitttihho en
UnitNeadt ioRnesse aIrncsht iftorSu otcei Daelv elopment
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SAGE Publications
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Lond'oT nhousOaandk sN ew Delhi
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© UNRISD1 996
First published 1996
Alrli ghrtess erNvoep da.ro tft hipsu blicmaatyibe o n
reprodsutcoerdie,nad r etriseyvsattler ma,n smoirtu tteidl ized
ina nyf oromr b ya nym eanesl,e ctrmoencihca,n ical,
photocopryeicnogr,od rio ntgh erwwiisteh,op uetr misisni on
writfirnogtm h Peu blishers.
SAGEP ublicaLttido ns
6B onhSitlrle et
LondoEnC 2A4 PU
SAGEP ublicaItnico ns
2545T eller Road
ThousaOnadk sC,a lifo9rn1i3a2 0
SAGEP ublicaItnidoPinvasLt t d
32M,- B1oMcakr ket
GreatKeari la-sIh
NewD elh1i1 0048
BriLtiibsrhCa artya lino Pguubilnigdc aattai on
A catalroegcuoefr odtr h ibso oiks
availfarboltmeh Ber itLiisbhr ary
ISBN0 7 61590 487
ISBN0 7 61590 468 ( pbk)
LibroafCr oyn gcraetssac laorngdu mb96e-r6 8418
TypesbeyMt a yheTwy pesetRthianyga,dP eorw,y s
PrinitneG dr eaBtr itbayiT nh eC romwePlrleL stsd ,
BroughGtioffno rd, MeWliklsthsahmi,r e
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Contents
Foreworbdy D haramG hai Vll
EditoPrr'esf ace IX
Noteosn t heC ontributors Xl
1 Aftetrh eG oldeAng e?W elfarStea tDei lemmaisna
GlobaElc onomy 1
GostEas ping-Andersen
PART ONE:D ECLINEO R RENEWAL IN THE
ADVANCED WELFARE STATES?
2 TheS candinavWiealnf aSrtea teAsc:h ievemeCnrtiss,i s,
andP rospects 32
JohnD .S tephens
3 WelfaSrtea tweist hoWuotr k:t heI mpassoefL abour
Sheddianngd F amilialiinCs omn tinenEtuarlo pean
SociPaoll icy 66
GostEas ping-Andersen
4 Needs-BaSsterda teogfiS eosc iParlo tectiinAo uns tralia
andN ew Zealand 88
FrancGi.sC astles
5 WhenM arketFsa ilS:o ciWaell fairneC anadaan dt he
UniteSdt ates 116
JohnM yles
PART TWO: EMERGING NEW WELFARE STATES?
6 Optionfso rS ociPaoll iciynL atiAnm ericNae:o liberal
versSuosc iDaelm ocratMiocd els 141
EvelyHnueb er
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vi Contents
7 TheE asAt siaWne lfaSrtea tePse:r ipatLeetairnci ng,
AdaptiCvhea ngea,n dN ation-Building 192
RogeGro odmaann dI toP eng
8 SociParlo tectiinCo enn traanld E asteErnu ropae :T ale
ofS lippiAnngc horasn dT om SafetNye ts 225
GuyS tanding
CONCLUSION
9 PositiveS-oSluumt iionna s W orldo fT rade-Offs? 256
G(}stEas ping-Andersen
Index 268
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Foreword
Thef uturoeft hwee alrfset atthete,h emoeft hbiso oiks,o n eo ft hmeo st
imporstoacniitsa slou feo su tri mTehse.p ublicoaftt hibioosno cko unlodt
therebfemo orrete i mealssy o cpioallei vceyr ywihisen r seta a otffle u xa nd
ishe nac e sjuebcotf intepnasses iaodnnedab taTeth eeg. r evaitr toufte h is
booikst hatl oiotak tst hwee alrfset aitne a hiasntdco ormipcaarla tive
perspeacntailvyeis,tir sne gc eenvto luatnidlo ink terleyn idnts h lei gohft
startclhiannggi enrs e ceynetai rnse conopmoilci scoyc,si tarlu catnudr es
politcoincfiaagltu iroTnhser. e siusaln ta dmirsaubrlvee tyh keoe ffy or ces
shaptihnwege alrfset aitnde i fferreengtio oftn hswe o ralndd a ni nstifguhl
exploroafta ilotne rnraetsipvoean nsdeo sp tiionna sni ncreaisnitneg­ly
gratgeldo beaclo nomy.
Thew elfsatraeit ste h e culmoifan c aetniitoeunsr -sotlrdu ggsloec ifaolr
protecatnidso enc uriintt hyie n dustrcioaulinietzsre.md a yIj tu stbley
regaradsoe ndeo ft hepirro udaecshti eveimnte hnpeto ss t-pwearri Iotd .
seatm odel aas ntadn dfaorr da spifrorat thnieeo wnli yn dustrainadl izing
transictoiuonntaarlsia elssf oo trh peo orceoru ntArlitleo soo.f ttehne
wealrfes taitset reaatse dh ao mogeneenotuisat nyda sa ne conomic
prjoecTth.ib so obkr inogusct l eatrhlreyi cdhi verosfti htweye alrfset ate
noto nlayc rodsiesfr fernetg ioofnt sh weo rlbdu ta montgh aed vanced
industrcioaulnitztrehidee mss se.l ve
Att hsea mtei mteh beo orke vetahlmesu ltifaccheatreadoc ftt ehre
welfsatraeIt tie s.a to nea ndt he staimmaeem aneisftaotfia o np olitical
communainte yx,p resosfsi oocnsi oalli daanrdai nta yt,t etmope tl iminate
destitruetdiuoccnle,a dsisff erenacnedsf orgec ohesainvdes table
commutniieIsth. a sse rvaesad d efiningi nen laetmieoinndtae ln atnidt y
citizensthhiaptt.hw ee Nlofwsa traeit suen dtehrr eforamtp owerfforucle s
andi nteriets itimssp,o rttoarn etc iatlesln compamsissisnaigno dns olid
achieveimnep nrtosm oteicnogn omsiecc uraintdwy e ll-bheuimnagn,
dignaintdsy o csioall idpaorliittpyia,cr atli ciapnadet mipoonw erment.
Almoesvte rywthhewere eal rfset aitsuen dseri eagnedi sb eirnegc ains t
newd irectAi nounmsb.eo rff orcehsa ve ctoomgee tthoqe ure stiitosn
viabielfifictayc,y utainldTi hteysf.ore c eisn cludeo fat ghpeeoi pnugl ation,
chanigenfs ma ilsyt ructsulroewsdi,on we nc onogmriocw htihg,lh e voefl s
unemploysmoeanrti,n g dbeuftdisggc,eir tow irnegs isttoa nchteia gxhe s,
ascendaonfmc ayr kefortc epsr,i vatiozfae tcioonno maincds ocial
activiintcireesa,ns aitnigoa nnadil n ternational accocmepleetriattieodn ,
globaliaznadtt eicohnn olcohgaincgTaehl.e p resseuxreersbt yet dh ese
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Vlll Foreword
forceasr eb einrge infobrycn eedwi deoloagnidpe osw eurlif nterests
strestshiehn agr mfeuclo nomsiocc,ia anldp sycholeoffegcitcosaft l h e
operaotfit ohwnee lfsatraeTt hee.r esiusltt h aatni ncrenausmibnoegf r
countarrideei ss manktelpyir nogg ramrmeedsu,c isngc oaptnehdde i luting
thlee vaenldr anogfeb enietfs.
Whacta bne d onien tshiitsu aTthieoarnpe?p etaorb se nae efdo arc tion
ons evefroranltt sop resetrhvmeea j oarc hieveomfte hnwete sal rfset ate.
Firtshte,mr ues bte r efoorfmt hwee alrfset attoee l imionrra teed uictes
abusaensda dveerfsefec tFso.ri nstainfwc eeal,rf per ovisdiiosncso urage
the sefaorrc hwa onrdtk h ea cquisoifts ikoinlo lrgs i,v ien centtiov es
unjustaibfsieendt, e etihsremeifroi rsmn eedfeord boetffihc ieanncdy
equiEtffiyci.e nmcayy a lsboep romottherdo uggrhe adteecre ntralization
andc ommunpiatryt iciipnta htpeil oann nainndig m plnetmaetoifso onc ial
securaintdwy e alrfeL.i kewbiesyeo nad c ertpaoiinn hti,g h roaft es
taxatciaonen x esrttr oandgv eerfsefec tosn w orki,n vestamnedrn its k
takianngdr eward teoffe ovratdtsea xes.
Secopnodl,i wchiiecpshr omogtreo watnhde mploymaeranelt s loi kely
tob eb eneifiafclor p reservaantdsi torne ngtohfte hnweie nalgrf sey stem.
Byt hsea mteo kesnu,s tained cerciaosnnidoss mt iacg naatrlieoi nkt eol y
erotdhese u pport anodf c voimaprbeihleiwnetslyif svacerh ee smT.eh irad ,
certmaeians uorfce o ordinoafst oicoina l opfco oluinctyar tis eism ilar
stagoefds e velopmmaeybn etn ecestsoar reys pirsets stuori emsp rove
competpiotsiivteti hornosup grho gredsissimvaen otrld iinlgu toifto hne
wealrfe state.o rFtmosuu srbtte sh t,e peupfpefa dt n atioannadil n ter­
natiolneavtleo lp sr omogtreo wetmhp,l oyamnednp tr oviosfai c oonr see t
ofe ntitlienmp eonoctros u ntIrnit ehsle.o nrgu nt,h seu regsuta rafnotre e
thper eserovfat thwieeo alnrf set aitnte h aed vanccoeudn tmruiseltsii en a
steardeyd uctoifio nnt ernatiinocnoamilen equaalnidta i gersa dual
extenosfsi oocnpi raolt ecatnidwo eanlr fteo t hdei sadvapnotpaugleadt ion
oft hweo rld.
DharaGmh ai
Director
UnitNeadt iRoensse aIrncsht itute
forS ociDaelv elopment
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EditorP'rse face
Thibso okt hirese soufla t s tucdoym missbiyoU nNeRdI SiDn p repar­
atifoornt he UnNiatteidWo onrsl d SuimnCm oipte nhaMgaernc1,h9 9 5.
Thei dewaa st oa ssetshsef ut uroeft hbee leagwueealrrfeesd t atoefs
WesteErnu roNpoer,t Ahm eriacnadt hAen tipoadnedas,tt hsea mtei me,
thep rospfeorc wtesl fsarteac toen struicntt hieno enw ldye mocratized
natiionn sE AassitLa a,t Aimne riacnadE, a st-CeEnutrroapTleh .el atter
grouipn clucdoeusn twriiteehsx istiifpn egr,h aps rudsiomceinatla ry,
secursiytsyt eamnsds omel,i kteh ee x-communist naotnicoen s, which
boasgteendu iannedc omprehe'nSsoivvwieee altrf'me o denlosw,r apidly
beiungn donSeo.m eL atAimne ricnaant ionsA,r gelnitakinend Ca h ile,
havae l ontgr adiotfsi oocnii naslu r,ab nucnteo we spouse liberalization.
TheE ast Acsoiuanntn roiwme ast ch Eiuner coopneo dmeivce lopbmuetn t,
thesiorc sieaclu sryisttyre emamsi ns,of armu,c lhe csosm preihveen.s
Trenidnts h 'en eiwn'd usdtermioaclir eaiscn,f catfi,tb adwliyt cho n­
ventimoondaelrn iztahtei,oow rnhy ich claeicmoendo dmteihvcae tl opment
breeidnss tituctoinovnear.glO e unrsc teudwyi lelx amionneeg rouopf
count-rlieebdsy Ch-iwlhei chhaa sd optane edo -liberaanlo tchoeurr,s e;
exemplbiyfiC eods ta wRhiiccaeh,x hibeimtbsr yosnoiccid aelm ocratic
traiatnsda; t hirmdo,rh ey brpiadt chh,a ractoefrt ihseEt aisActs ian
nations.
Iti sc leanroltty h ec asteh aatl dle velonpaitnigwo inlsflo l lotwh e
Westewrne lfasrteat trjeae ctoBruytt. h eint nioswo bvioust hteh at
advanced dWeemsotcerrnab cuiihleitsg hdliyv esroscesi eaclu sryistty ems.
Moreovtehrer,ie rs potnos ect ohen tempcorriaisrsiay ss d ivearssa er e
social dpeovleliocpyim net nht'es n enwa't ioInns .b, rt ihenefe o-liberal
deregultahtrouirsspytr esienan dtv anwceealdrf set astuecsah st hUen ited
StatGerse,a Btr itaanidnt heA ntipoadnedsa ,l sion nienwd ustrial
democrsa.Oc tiheenre wa ndo lidn dustrial demorcardaicciaelsl y pursue
diefrfenatp prhoeascI.n t hirse gaorudr,s tudcyo ulndo te scatphee
necesosfoi mtiys sWiiotnh.ti hnge r ouopfa dvanncaetdi tohnoesm ,i ssion
ofB ritmaaiysn e ecmu riobuostb,he caiutws ae sa w ealrfset aptieo neer,
andb ecaiuitss et hoen lnyo tacbalsoee fr adicchaaln ignEe u rospoef ra .
Wes hadlils ctuhscisas s ienp assbiunitgt , prtoovdoei dffi ctuoli tn cliutd e
undaenryo f trheeg ihoena diInnag nsyc. a steh,le i teroantt uhBrere i tish
casev oilsu minLoiukse.wi itps reo,v leodg istiimcpaolslstyioi b nlcel ude
majocro untsruiceahssI ndoirat hPee oplRee'psu bolfCi hci naan,dt he
entAifrrei ccoannt inent.
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