Welfare of Cultured and Experimental Fishes

134 Pages·2019·9.008 MB·English

by  Pablo Arechavala-Lopez (editor), Joao Luis Saraiva (editor)

Welfare of
Cultured and
Experimental
Fishes
Edited by
Pablo Arechavala-Lopez and Joao Luis Saraiva
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Fishes
www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes
Welfare of Cultured and Experimental
Fishes

Welfare of Cultured and Experimental
Fishes
SpecialIssueEditors
PabloArechavala-Lopez
JoaoLuisSaraiva
MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade
SpecialIssueEditors
PabloArechavala-Lopez JoaoLuisSaraiva
CentrodeCieˆnciasdoMar CentrodeCieˆnciasdoMar
(CCMAR) (CCMAR)
Portugal Portugal
EditorialOffice
MDPI
St.Alban-Anlage66
4052Basel,Switzerland
ThisisareprintofarticlesfromtheSpecialIssuepublishedonlineintheopenaccessjournalFishes
(ISSN2410-3888)from2018to2019(availableat: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes/special
issues/FishWelfare).
Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas
indicatedbelow:
LastName,A.A.; LastName,B.B.; LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,ArticleNumber,
PageRange.
ISBN978-3-03921-710-6(Pbk)
ISBN978-3-03921-711-3(PDF)
ImagecourtesyofPabloArechavala-Lopez.
(cid:2)c 2019bytheauthors. ArticlesinthisbookareOpenAccessanddistributedundertheCreative
Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon
publishedarticles,aslongastheauthorandpublisherareproperlycredited,whichensuresmaximum
disseminationandawiderimpactofourpublications.
ThebookasawholeisdistributedbyMDPIunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommons
licenseCCBY-NC-ND.
Contents
AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Joa˜oL.SaraivaandPabloArechavala-Lopez
WelfareofFish—NoLongertheElephantintheRoom
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,39,doi:10.3390/fishes4030039 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CristinaBarraga´n-Me´ndez,FiniSa´nchez-Garc´ıa,IgnacioSobrino,JuanMiguelManceraand
IgnacioRuiz-Jarabo
Air Exposure in Catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) Modify Muscle Texture Properties: A
PilotStudy
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2018,3,34,doi:10.3390/fishes3030034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SebastianM.Strauch,JudithBahr,Bjo¨rnBaßmann,AdrianA.Bischoff,MichaelOster,Berit
WasenitzandHarryW.Palm
EffectsofOrtho-PhosphateonGrowthPerformance,WelfareandProductQualityofJuvenile
AfricanCatfish(Clariasgariepinus)
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,3,doi:10.3390/fishes4010003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ma´rcioMoreira,Ana´ısaCordeiro-Silva,MarisaBarata,PedroPousa˜o-FerreiraandFlorbela
Soares
InfluenceofAgeonStressResponsesofWhiteSeabreamtoAmyloodiniosis
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,26,doi:10.3390/fishes4020026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
MelanieA.Woodward,LucyA.WinderandPenelopeJ.Watt
EnrichmentIncreasesAggressioninZebrafish
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,22,doi:10.3390/fishes4010022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
AnthonyG.Deakin, JosephW.Spencer, AndrewR.Cossins, IainS.YoungandLynneU.
Sneddon
Welfare Challenges Influence the Complexity of Movement: Fractal Analysis of Behaviour
inZebrafish
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,8,doi:10.3390/fishes4010008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Eliane Gonc¸alves-de-Freitas, Marcela Cesar Bolognesi, Ana Carolina dos Santos Gauy,
ManuelaLombardiBranda˜o,PerciliaCardosoGiaquintoandMarisaFernandes-Castilho
SocialBehaviorandWelfareinNileTilapia
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,23,doi:10.3390/fishes4020023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
IsabelFife-CookandBeccaFranks
PositiveWelfareforFishes:RationaleandAreasforFutureStudy
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,31,doi:10.3390/fishes4020031 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Joa˜o Luis Saraiva, Pablo Arechavala-Lopez, Maria Filipa Castanheira, Jenny Volstorf and
BilloHeinzpeterStuder
AGlobalAssessmentofWelfareinFarmedFishes:TheFishEthoBase
Reprintedfrom:Fishes2019,4,30,doi:10.3390/fishes4020030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
v

About the Special Issue Editors
Pablo Arechavala-Lopez (PhD). Pablo Arechavala-Lopez has a solid background in marine
ecology, ichthyology, andcoastalaquaculture. Hisresearchismainlyfocusedonthestudyofthe
behaviorofculturedfish, aswellasonthemanagementofcoastalareas, evaluatingtheinfluence
of aquaculture activities on wild fish populations and coastal ecosystems. More recently, he has
beenapplyinghisknowledgeandexperiencetothefieldoffishwelfareinaquaculture,analyzing
thephysiologicalandbehavioraladaptationsoffishtorearedandenrichedenvironmentsandalso
actingasaconsultantonfishwelfareforworldwideaquaculturecompanies.
JoaoL.Saraiva(PhD).JoaoL.Saraivaisafishethologistwithaspecialinterestinwelfare. He
is currently leading the Fish Ethology and Welfare Group at CCMAR and is the president of the
FishEthoGroupAssociation. Withacareerbuiltontheinterplaybetweenproximateandultimate
mechanismsunderlyingsocialbehaviorandcommunicationinteleosts,Dr. Saraivaisnowfocusing
ontheapplicationoffundamentalsciencetoimprovethewelfareoffarmedfish. Alongwithhis
scientificactivity,Dr. SaraivaisalsopartoftheteamofFishEthoBase,anopen-accessdatabaseon
welfareoffarmedfishspecies.
vii

fishes
Editorial
Welfare of Fish—No Longer the Elephant in the Room
JoãoL.Saraiva1,* andPabloArechavala-Lopez1,2
1 FishEthologyandWelfareGroup,CCMAR,8000-536Faro,Portugal
2 FishEcologyGroup,IMEDEA(CSIC/UIB),07190Esporles,IllesBalears,Spain
* Correspondence:joao@fair-fish.net
(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)
Received:27June2019;Accepted:28June2019;Published:3July2019 (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)
Theconceptoffishwelfareisfairlyrecentandwasoverlookedformanyyears,basedonapopular
misconceptionthatfishwere“stupid”creaturesdevoidofanykindofsentienceormentalcapability.
However,agrowingbodyofresearchonfishbehaviour,cognition,learningandneurosciencemade
clearthatthisisevidentlynotthecase—fishareindeedsociallycomplex[1],havedevelopedcognitive
andlearningabilitieswiththeneuralsubstratetosupportthem[2,3]andaresentient[4]. Asthe
evidenceforfishmentalcompetencesgrewlarger,theuncomfortablequestionsregardingthewelfare
stateoffishandtheethicalimplicationsoffishfarmingbecameanelephantintheroomthatnobody
wouldaddress. However, therearerecentindicationsthatthingsarechanging, andthepresent
collectionofexcellentcontributionssuggeststhatalltheinterestedparties(scientists,farmers,retailers,
NGOsandconsumers)arenowdirectlyapproachingthesubject.Ladiesandgentlemen,theelephant
hasleftthebuilding.
In fact, these papers are a fantastic example of the many perspectives that may be used
whentacklingfishwelfare. Inapilotstudyregardingfisheriesofcatshark(Scyliorhinuscanicular),
Barragán-Méndezetal.[5]demonstratethatthestandardpracticesofexposingthewild-caughtanimals
toairarenotonlyextremelyharmfulforthefishbutalsomodifymuscletexturepropertiesandreduce
thequalityofthemeat.Thisstudydemonstratestheurgencyofimprovingthewelfareofwild-caught
fishandindicatestheroadaheadregardingtheassessmentofhumanepracticesinfisheries. The
paperbyStrauchetal.[6]alsohighlightshowacommonpracticeofaddingphosphatetointegrated
aquaponicsystemsasafertilizercanhavenegativeeffectsinAfricancatfish(Clariasgariepinus),not
onlyontheirwelfarebutalsoonthemeatquality. Thesetwostudiesemphasizeacorrelationthat
shouldbeclearforthefishindustry:whenthewelfareofanimalsisimproved,boththequalityofthe
productanditsvalueincrease—ararecasewhentheinterestoftheindustryandtheethicalstandards
underlyingitsactivitywalkhandinhand.
ThestudybyMoreiraetal.[7]takesanontogenicapproachintoamyloodiniosis,awell-known
healthprobleminwhiteseabream(Diplodussargus)farmedinSouthernEurope.Focusingonfishhealth
isnotnewinwelfareresearch.Afterall,healthisoneofthekeycomponentsforconceptualframework
ofwelfare,togetherwiththementalandnaturalcomponents.Thenoveltyofthispaperistosearchfor
anon-veterinaryapproachtodealwithahealthissue,usingoneofTinbergen’sFourQuestionsthat
issooftenoverlooked: development. Theresultsshowthatyoungfisharefarmoresusceptibleto
infectionbyAmyloodiniumocellatumbecausetheylackimmuneandphysiologicalresponsesthatonly
appearlaterinontogeny.Thisstudyhighlightstheneedtotakeintoaccounttheageoftheindividuals
whendesigningpreventionandtreatmentplansaswellasrearingroutines.
Zebrafishwelfarewasanothersurprisinglyignoredissueuntilrecenttimes. Thenumberof
culturedindividualsarguablyrivalsanyothercommerciallyfarmedspecies,yetevenwhenthesubject
ofwelfareinaquaculturestartedtobeaddressed,zebrafishwereapparentlyleftbehind. Sayno
morebecausetwostudiesbyWoodwardetal.[8]andDeakinetal.[9]focusontwoimportanttopics
thatimpactzebrafishwelfare: thefirstshowsthatenvironmentalenrichmentinzebrafishhousing
promotesaggressionandrisk-takingbehavioursinzebrafish[8],andtheauthorsexplainthiswiththe
Fishes2019,4,39;doi:10.3390/fishes4030039 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/fishes