Table Of Content

WELDING AND WELDING TECHNOLOGY RICHARD L. LITTLE Associate Dean of Career Education Central Arizona College Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto ratMac Graw-;_H ill .� AD iviosfTi hoMenc GrawC.oHmillp ames WELDING AND .WELDITNEGC HNOLOGY Copyr©i 1g9h7tb3 y,M cGrawI-nHAcil.rll il g,rh etsse rved. ·Npoa roftt hpiusb limcaaybt eir oenp rodsutcoeridnea, d retrsiyesvtaoelrtm r,a nsmiinat ntfyeo dro,rnrb ya nmye ans, electmreocnhiacnp,ih coatlo,c.or peycionrogdro,i t nhge,r wise, withtohupert i worri tpteernm iosfst ihpoeun b lisher TATMAc GRAW-HEIDLILT I1O9N7 6 2'11r ep2r0i0n0t RXCCRYCRXYRX RepriinnIt neddbi yaa r rangweimtMehcn Gtr awI-nHci.l,l , NewY ork. Tihse ditciaobnne e xpofrrtoeImdn doinalb yyt hpeu blishers TatMac GrawP-uHbillilCs ohmipnagLn iym ited ISB0N- 07-099409-9 PublibsyTh aetMdac GrawP-uHbillilCs ohmipnagl,.n iym ited, 7W esPta tNealg aNre,wD el1h1i00 0 8a,n pdr inat·te d MahaPrraijn Sthearhsd,Da erla1h,10i 0 32 INM EMOORFY MYF AT HER JOHENV A"NBSU LCIKTT"L E WHOF IRISNTT ROMDEUT COE D THFEI EOLFWD E LD ING ) 4 Preface ix ii GAS WELDING 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Equipment 12 3 Operation 28 4 Joining processes 41 5 Ferrous welding 51 6 Nonferrous metals 64 vii 7 Oxygen-fuel cutting 81 [1[1 SHIELD ARC WELDING 99 8 Introduction 101 9 Electrodes 114 10 Equipment 126 11 Operation 139 12 Weld symbols 153 13 Submerged arc welding 169 14 Carbon arc welding 177 {1E1 GAS SHIELD ARC WELDING 189 15 Introduction 191 16 Equipment 205 17 TIG operation 217 18 MIG operation 229 llW WELDING PROCESSES 243 19 Plasma arc welding 245 20 Resistance welding 254 21 Electroslag and electrogas welding 272 22 Solid-state bonding 279 23 Electron-beam welding 296 24 Laser welding 309 25 Thermit welding 320 26 Metal flame spraying 327 METALS 343 27 Structure of metals 345 28 Properties of metals 358 29 Heat treating 372 30 Destructive testing 396 31 Nondestructive testing 413 viii Index 429 Thbea spiucr poofts heti esix stt op resweenltda inwndeg l dtiencgh nolionsg uyca mh a ntnhetarht be e gicnonlislntegug dceea unnnt d er statnhdue n dertlhyeioonrfwgi e elsda ipnptglh,ye t shee otroti hees procaenstdsh ,ea np ptlhpyer octeots hfsea briocfga otoiTdohsne. theoarnipder si ncoifwp elledtsie ncgh nwohlibolagesyo e,nmd a the mataincsdsc ieanrpcere e,s senott heaasd tc iebnatcikfgiircso und nomta ndaatlotrhtyoh usegt hu dweilnletla troan p palnay m ouonf t mathemaansdtc iic:eisnnw ecled tiencgh nology. Thtee fxotl tlhosewa smb ea sfiocri manal itlt f sim vaejs oerc tions. Eacshe citsdi iovnii ndstepode ctiefcihucnn iicTtahsfle.i u rnsfitot r mosotft hsee ctiisao nin nst rowdhuicpctrhie ostneh noetp se rating th_eorainpedrs i ncaintpdhl reee sm,a iunniietnxsgp hloatwioa n p ply thteh etotorh fyea briocfga otoidosn. As eotfq uesttori eoinnstf hoiern cfeo rwmiattthihiuoennn ai ntd Preface suggfeusrtrt�ehdae darir anelgi ssno c lauttdh eeenod def a ucnhi t. Whearpep liecaacubhnhl iaetss, a mpprloejo erec xtesrt chiaste s emphtahmseai nziep auslpaoetwfcie tvlst.d eeic nhgMn aoonltfyoh gye. suggaecsttiaevridied t teiioaen sss tfropuroc stdsoeirmbsol r.es trations. Thteep xrto tvhibeda esisin cf ortmeoax tptilh"oaehni ao nsww e ll ast hweh oyft" h wee lpdrioncgTe hsmesa etsec.ro inatilant i hnee d introudnouiSfcte t coItr1,iay1 on ,Ind ils tsl e chinnnia ctaaunclrdo e u ld beo miittfth eeedd u captriooignnsro aattlme chonriiceTanhltulesyd . thteew xiatlp lpt etoah mleo g reen eedruaclaa ptpiorttnoohaaw elce hl d inpgr ocaesws esaletsltso h tee chnical. Thleat swstoe catrimeoo gnresen iennra attluh rtaehfn ei t rhsrte e. SecItoVisn op ne wceilapdlri oncgie assno s veesor mfva iwneeywl ding procwehsiascreeheis t thoeeoxr p etnonsoei owvtr,eo h ,oa zatrod ous bei ncliuanwd eeldcd uirnrgbi ucwtui wlthuhimw ce hls dtiundge nts shobufela dm Tihlleias asertc.i ta sbi aossnti oucmfd e yt iaptlr se;s ents thbea fsoiabrs e tutnedre roshfto awwne dliadntigtnm egec thtaoslw , troe leinetvresa tprpeaesndhsd oe twsto ,e t shetef fecottfih vee.n ess wejlodi nt. Thteei xnsto m ta choirineetn hitasset,td e;p -dbiyr-efscottrei po ns operpaatritnmigac cuhlaiarnnreoee tsm phaIsniszcteoedna.cd e,p ts owfe lpdrioncgae resexs pelssa oti hnaase ttd u wdieblnealt b tloe opearnmayat ceh wihneheteh,ha eesrvo epre ribatet foeonrdro aetn ,d wiklnlno owot nh loytwo o p eirbtau attlew s hoiyd t o wehsia dtto es. RICHLAL RIDTT LE �G AWSE. L IDNG