Welding and Metal Fabrication

932 Pages·2012·47.002 MB·932\932

by  Jeffus, Larry

Welding and
Metal Fabrication
Larry Jeffus
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
i
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Welding and Metal Fabrication © 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
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Preface
For many welding jobs it can be as important to be able to lay out and fit up the
weldment as it is to be able to weld it. This textbook, therefore, combines the
skills of measuring, cutting, shaping, fitting, welding, and finishing.
The cover photo of Welding and Metal Fabrication was taken of me in my
hangar as I was making a GTA weld on tubing. Aircraft tubing is used to make a
number of parts for an aircraft, including the engine mount. Today, many light-
sport aircraft, like this KitFox, can be built and flown by individuals.
All of the welding equipment required to build a homebuilt light-sport air-
craft is shown in the cover photo. With some hand tools, a few power tools, and
the welding and fabrication skills taught in this book, you too could build your
own aircraft. There is nothing like the feeling of freedom one experiences as the
pilot of your own plane.
Whether you build your own aircraft or you build anything else, there is a
sense of accomplishment and a great feeling of pride in being able to point at
something and say, “I made that.” Over 30 years ago, I owned a welding company
that made agricultural equipment, and I still look at farm equipment as I drive
through the countryside to see if one of my units is out there in the field. Recently,
my niece was in a volleyball playoff. It was being held in an empty warehouse that
had been converted into a gym. I proudly told my wife, “I made the ramp for cars
and light trucks at the loading dock on this building.” I had made it over 20 years
ago, and it was still there and being used to drive into the warehouse.
Not only have I fitted and welded things on my jobs, I have made parts for
airplanes, barbeque grills, step and tow truck bumpers, truck racks, farm gates,
wood stoves, compost bins, car jack stands, bases for power tools, toys, furni-
ture, tools, car trailers, boat trailers, utility trailers, and hundreds of other big
and small welded fabrications.
Welding and Metal Fabrication is designed to help you develop all of the
skills to become a highly paid versatile welder. In addition, it is designed to
make the process of learning to weld interesting and rewarding by having every-
thing you weld on become something you can take home and use. The projects
within each of the fabrication and welding chapters are designed to be func-
tional even though the welds may be your first attempts at welding. So at first
do not be overly critical of your welding skills, they will improve as you advance
through the textbook. In that way, both your fabrication skills and your welding
skills will improve together.
This textbook is the result of my more than 45 years of welding and fabri-
cation experience. In addition to my personal experiences, I have drawn valu-
able welding and fitting information from many friends, colleagues, and former
students. I know that not everyone who learns welding and fitting will use it to
earn their primary paycheck; for some it will be a hobby or part-time job. For
xviii
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Preface xix
me, welding has not only been a lifelong, very profitable career, it has been my
hobby too. This is what I had in mind when I wrote this textbook.
In the welding field, the ability to lay out, cut out, and assemble a welded
part can be as important as good welding skills. This textbook is designed to
give you all of the skills needed to be successful in welding. The chapters fall
into four general categories:
• General and Background chapters cover important information that will
help you work safely, be able to read drawings, and be a better all-round weld-
ing employee.
• Theory and Application chapters cover the equipment, materials, and pro-
cedures related to a single welding or cutting process.
• Fabrication and Welding chapters cover how to use each of the processes to
produce a finished project and also cover related fabrication techniques.
• Supplemental and Technical chapters cover material that will help you
solve welding problems you may encounter on the job by giving you infor-
mation about other processes, metal identification, filler metal selection, and
testing and certification.
As an example of the importance in learning proper welding skills, I offer
the following true story regarding overwelding. It is a common problem that
often results when welders believe that if a little weld is good, then a bigger weld
is probably better. Overwelding is so common that it has its own term—“gorilla
welding.” Gorilla welds often are referred to as strong and ugly. I once subscribed
to this myth. It is easy to argue that they are ugly, but are they really strong?
When I attended Hiwassee College in Madisonville, Tennessee, in the
1960s, I worked as a welder in a local shop that specialized in farm equipment
repair welding. Like many young welders, I thought I was the world’s best
welder. My welds never cracked. I even convinced the shop owner to offer this
warranty on my welds: “If our welds crack, we fix them for free.”
To ensure that my welds did not fail, I made the biggest gorilla welds you
have ever seen. Everyone knew that if I welded it, my welds would not fail.
Although my welds never cracked, the base metal alongside my weld often did.
Cracks beside my welds meant my warrantee did not apply, so I could bill
the farmer for my new welds. Although I stayed busy rewelding parts with
cracks alongside my welds, my customers were happy with my work because
they also thought a bigger weld was better.
By the time a local farmer got rid of his dump trailer that I had kept “fixing”
for him, there was a 3-inch wide series of welds on the hinge point. Today, I
realize that my welded repairs failed because of the size of the welds.
Often I made large welds on thin sheet metal parts that were subjected to
vibration as the equipment was used in the fields. Each time a crack appeared
next to one of my previous welds, I would just add another weld. Not all over-
welding today is as blatant as mine was, but it still is a problem.
In addition to being costly, overwelding can produce a welded joint that
cannot withstand the designed forces or vibration. Overwelded joints are not as
flexible, and the resulting joint stresses are focused alongside the weld, which is
why cracks always appeared just alongside my welds.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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xx Preface
A good rule of thumb on weld sizes is that the weld size should not be
much more than the thickness of the metal being joined, and the weld should
have a smooth contour with the base metal.
The material in this textbook is designed to give you the skills to fabricate
and weld projects so you never create the same problems for your customers
that I once did.
SUPPLEMENTS
Accompanying the text is a carefully prepared supplements package, which
includes an Instructor’s Guide, an Instructor Resources CD, and a Workbook.
The Instructor’s Guide contains chapter objectives, answers to the end of
chapter review questions and answers to the questions in the Workbook.
The Instructor Resources CD contains PowerPoint lecture slides that pres-
ent the highlights of each chapter, an ExamView computerized test bank, an
electronic version of the Instructor’s Guide, and an Image Library that includes
images from the text.
In the Workbook, each chapter includes a variety of review questions that
correspond with the chapter objectives to provide a comprehensive, in-depth
review of material covered in the chapter. Questions include sentence comple-
tion, multiple choice, and figure-labeling exercises.
The Welding Principles and Practices on DVD series explains the concepts
and shows the procedures students need to understand to become proficient
and professional welders. Four DVDs cover Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Gas
Metal Arc Welding, Flux Cored Arc Welding, and Oxyacetylene Welding in
detail. The main subject areas are further broken down into subsections on
each DVD for easy comprehension. The DVD set offers instructors and stu-
dents the best welding multimedia learning tool at the fingertips.
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
Projects ....................................................................xv Occupational Opportunities in Welding. . .12
Preface ..................................................................xviii Metric Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Features of the Text .............................................xxi Welding Video Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Acknowledgments ..............................................xxiii Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
About the Author ...............................................xxiv
CHAPTER 2 Welding Safety . . . . . . . . 17
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
CHAPTER 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
First-Degree Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Welding Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Second-Degree Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Fabrication Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Th ird-Degree Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Welding Defi ned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Burns Caused by Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Weld Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Eye and Ear Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Welding and Cutting Processes . . . . . . . . . . .6
Face and Eye Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Gas Metal Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Ear Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Flux Cored Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Respiratory Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Shielded Metal Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ventilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Forced Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Oxyacetylene Welding, Brazing, Material Specifi cation Data
and Cutting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Sheet (MSDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Th ermal Cutting Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Waste Material Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Oxyfuel Gas Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ladder Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Plasma Arc Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Types of Ladders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Demonstrations, Practices, Ladder Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
and Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Rules for Ladder Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Assembling the Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Electrical Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Selection of the Joining Process . . . . . . . . . 12 Electrical Safety Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
iii
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iv Contents
Voltage Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Extension Cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Safety Rules for Portable Electric Tools. . . . 32
CHAPTER 3 Shop Math . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
General Work Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Special Protective Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Hand Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Body Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Types of Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Waist and Lap Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
General Math Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Arm Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Equations and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Leg and Foot Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Whole Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Handling and Storing Cylinders. . . . . . . . . .35
Adding and Subtracting Whole
Securing Gas Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Storage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Multiply and Divide Whole Numbers. . . . . 53
Cylinders with Valve Protection Caps. . . . 35
Decimal Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
General Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Adding and Subtracting Decimal
Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Fire Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Multiply and Divide Decimal Fractions . . . 54
Fire Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Rounding Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Location of Fire Extinguishers . . . . . . . . . 38 Mixed Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Adding and Subtracting Mixed Units. . . . . 56
Equipment Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Multiply and Divide Mixed Numbers. . . . 58
Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Hoses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Adding and Subtracting Fractions . . . . . . 59
Work Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Multiply and Divide Fractions . . . . . . . . . 60
Hand Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Converting Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Hand Tool Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Converting Fractions to Decimals. . . . . . . 62
Hammer Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Tolerances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Power Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Converting Decimals to Fractions. . . . . . . 62
Grinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Conversion Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Drills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Measuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Metal Cutting Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Shears and Punches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Cut-Off Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Band Saws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 CHAPTER 4 R eading Technical
Material Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Lift ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Hoists or Cranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Hauling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
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Contents v
Mechanical Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Fabrication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Types of Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Special Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Parts And Pieces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Dimensioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Tack Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Drawing Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Location and Alignment Points . . . . . . . . .113
Reading Mechanical Drawings. . . . . . . . . . .75 Overall Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Sketching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Weld Distortion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Erasers and Erasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Graph Paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Nesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Computers and Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Kerf Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Layout Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Material Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
CHAPTER 5 W elding Joint Design,
Assembly Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Welding Symbols . . . . . . 87
Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Fitting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
Weld Joint Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Welding Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Indicating Types of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Weld Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
CHAPTER 7 W elding Shop
Location Signifi cance of Arrow . . . . . . . . . .97
Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Plug Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Spot Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Seam Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Job-Related Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Groove Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Time Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Backing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Teamwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Flange Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Planning and Th inking Ahead . . . . . . . . 140
Nondestructive Testing Symbols . . . . . . . .103
Work Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Conserving Materials and Supplies . . . . . .141
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Metal Conservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
CHAPTER 6 F abricating Techniques Electrode Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
and Practices . . . . . . . . . 108 Gas Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Recycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi Contents
General Shop Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 CHAPTER 9 S hielded Metal Arc
Welding Plate. . . . . . . . . 165
Operating Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Hand Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Outsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166
F3 E6010 and E6011 Electrodes . . . . . . . 166
CHAPTER 8 S hielded Metal Arc
F2 E6012 and E6013 Electrodes . . . . . . . 166
Equipment, Setup,
F4 E7016 and E7018 Electrodes . . . . . . . 166
and Operation. . . . . . . . 148
Eff ect of Too High or Too Low
Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Current Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Electrode Size and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Welding Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Electrode Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Electrical Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Electrode Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
SMA Welding Arc Temperature
Practice Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
and Heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Positioning of the Welder
Types of Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
and the Weld Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Welding Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Striking an Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Open Circuit Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Tack Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Operating Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Stringer Beads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Arc Blow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Square Butt Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Types of Power Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
Outside Corner Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Transformer-Type Welding Machines . . . 154
Lap Joint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Multiple Coil Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Tee Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Movable Coil or Core Welders. . . . . . . . . 156
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Inverter Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Generator and Alternator Welders . . . . . .157
Converting AC to DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Duty Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 CHAPTER 10 Shielded Metal Arc
Welding Pipe . . . . . . . . . 200
Welder Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
Welding Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Electrode Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Work Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Equipment Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Pipe and Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Preparation and Fit-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Pipe Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.