Welcome to the Universe: An Astrophysical Tour PDF
Preview Welcome to the Universe: An Astrophysical Tour
P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s P r i n c e t o n & o x f o r d A N A S T R O P H Y S I C A L T O U R W E L C O M E J · T O T H E R I C H A R D U N I V E R S E G O T T M I C H A E L A · N E I L S T R A U S S D E G R A S S E T Y S O N Copyright © 2016 by Neil deGrasse Tyson, Michael A. Strauss, and J. Richard Gott Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket and book design by Chris Ferrante All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tyson, Neil deGrasse. | Strauss, Michael Abram. | Gott, J. Richard. Title: Welcome to the universe : an astrophysical tour / Neil deGrasse Tyson, Michael A. Strauss, and J. Richard Gott. Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2016013487 | ISBN 9780691157245 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Cosmology—Popular works. | Stars—Popular works. | Relativity (Physics)—Popular works. Classifcation: LCC QB982 .T974 2016 | DDC 523.1—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016013487 British Library Cataloging-i n-P ublication Data is available Tis book has been composed in Adobe Text Pro and Trade Gothic LT Std Printed on acid-f ree paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the memories of Lyman Spitzer, Jr., Martin Schwarzschild, Bohdan Paczyński, and John Bahcall, indelible infuences on the three of us in astrophysics research and education. c o n t e n t s Preface 11 Pa rt i . S tarS, Pl ane tS, and l ife 15 1 the size and scale of the Universe 17 Neil deGrasse Tyson 2 from the day and night sk y to Pl anetary orbit s 26 Neil deGrasse Tyson 3 new ton’s l aws 42 Michael A. Strauss 4 how s tars r adiate energy (i) 54 Neil deGrasse Tyson 5 how s tars r adiate energy (ii) 71 Neil deGrasse Tyson 6 stell ar sPectr a 81 Neil deGrasse Tyson 7 the lives and de aths of s tars (i) 93 Neil deGrasse Tyson 7 8 the lives and de aths of s tars (ii) 111 Michael A. Strauss 9 why PlUto is not a Pl anet 126 Neil deGrasse Tyson 10 the se arch for life in the gal a x y 146 Neil deGrasse Tyson Pa rt i i . G al a xieS 171 11 the inters tell ar mediUm 173 Michael A. Strauss 12 oUr milk y way 183 Michael A. Strauss 13 the Universe of gal a xies 197 Michael A. Strauss 14 the e xPansion of the Universe 207 Michael A. Strauss 15 the e arly Universe 222 Michael A. Strauss 16 QUasars and sUPermassive bl ack holes 241 Michael A. Strauss Pa rt i i i . e inS te in and the Unive rS e 255 17 einstein’s road to rel ativit y 257 J. Richard Gott 18 imPlications of sPecial rel ativit y 270 J. Richard Gott 19 einstein’s gener al theory of rel ativit y 289 J. Richard Gott 8 con t en t s 2 0 bl ack holes 300 J. Richard Gott 21 cosmic s trings, wormholes, and t ime tr avel 321 J. Richard Gott 2 2 the shaPe of the Universe and the big bang 347 J. Richard Gott 2 3 infl ation and recent develoPment s in cosmology 374 J. Richard Gott 2 4 oUr fUtUre in the Universe 400 J. Richard Gott acknowledgments 425 aPPendix 1 2 Derivation of E = mc 427 aPPendix 2 Bekenstein, Entropy of Black Holes, and Information 431 notes 433 sUggested reading 439 index 441 con t en t s 9
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