WEDNESDAY MORNING, 30 NOVEMBER 2016 LEHUA, 8:00 AM TO 9:05 AM Session 3aAAa ...

110 Pages·2016·0.84 MB·English

WEDNESDAYMORNING,30NOVEMBER2016 LEHUA,8:00A.M.TO9:05A.M.
Session3aAAa
ArchitecturalAcousticsandSpeechCommunication:AttheIntersectionofSpeechandArchitectureII
KennethW.Good,Cochair
Armstrong,2500ColumbiaAve.,Lancaster,PA17601
TakashiYamakawa,Cochair
YamahaCorporation,10-1Nakazawa-cho,Naka-ku,Hamamatsu430-8650,Japan
CatherineL.Rogers,Cochair
Dept.ofCommunicationSciencesandDisorders,UniversityofSouthFlorida,USF,4202E.FowlerAve.,PCD1017,
Tampa,FL33620
Chair’sIntroduction—8:00
InvitedPapers
8:05
3aAAa1.Vocaleffortandfatigueinvirtualroomacoustics.PasqualeBottalico,LadyC.CantorCutiva,andEricJ.Hunter(Commu-
nicativeSci.andDisord.,MichiganStateUniv.,1026RedCedarRd.,Lansing,MI48910,[email protected])
Vocaleffortisaphysiologicalentitythataccountsforchangesinvoiceproductionasvocalloadingincreases,whichcanbequanti-
fiedintermsofSoundPressureLevel(SPL).Itmayhaveimplicationsonpotentialvocalfatigueriskfactors.Thisstudyinvestigates
howvocaleffortisaffectedbyroomacoustics.Thechangesintheacousticconditionswereartificiallymanipulated.Thirty-ninesubjects
wererecordedwhilereadingatext,15outofthemusedaconversationalstylewhile24wereinstructedtoreadasiftheywereinaclass-
roomfullofchildren.EachsubjectwasaskedtoreadinthreedifferentreverberationtimeRT(0.4s,0.8s,and1.2s),intwonoisecondi-
tions(backgroundnoiseat25dBAandBabblenoiseat61dBA),inthreedifferentauditoryfeedbacklevels(-5dB,0dB,and5dB),for
atotalof18taskspersubjectpresentedinarandomorder.Thesubjectsansweredquestionsaddressingtheirperceptionofvocalfatigue
onavisualanalogscale.BabblenoiseandtheorderoftaskpresentationincreasedSPLandself-reportedfatigue.TheSPLincreased
whentheRTandtheauditoryfeedbackleveldecreasedfurtherclarifyinghowvocaleffortchangeswithinvariousconditions.
8:25
3aAAa2.Relationshipofthedifferenceofthespeechrateofanannouncementattherailwaystationandthelisteningimpression.
Sohei Tsujimura (Structures Technol. Div., Railway Tech. Res. Inst., 2-8-38 Hikari-cho, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8540, Japan,
[email protected])
Thepurposeofthisstudyistocleartheinfluenceofthespeechrateofanannouncementonthelisteningimpression.Inthisstudy,a
subjectiveexperimentinwhichtheelderlyandtheyoungadultsparticipatedwasconductedinthesimulatedstation.Inthisexperiment,
the speech rate of an announcement was varied from 4.5 to 9.5 mora/s at 1 mora/s interval, and subjective evaluations (“Listening
difficulty,”“Loudness,”and“Strangeness”)oftheannouncementsweremadeunderthreetypesofbackgroundnoiseconditions(L 65
A
dB, 70 dB, and 75 dB). The relationships of the speech rate of an announcement and the subjective evaluation such as “Listening
difficulty,”“Loudness,”and“Strangeness”wereinvestigated,andtheoptimumspeechrateofanannouncementattherailwaystation
wasdiscussed.Asaresult,itwassuggestedthat“Listeningdifficulty”hasthelowestevaluationvaluewhenthespeechrateis6.5mora/s
or7.5mora/s.Furthermore,inthisspeechraterange,“Strangeness”asanannouncementattherailwaystationwasnotfelt.Itwasdem-
onstratedthattheoptimumspeechrateofanannouncementattherailwaystationisintherangefrom6.5mora/sto7.5mora/s.
8:45
3aAAa3.Roomacousticsandspeechperception:Considerationsforthedevelopingchild.LoriLeibold(Ctr.forHearingRes.,Boys
TownNationalRes.Hospital,555North30thSt.,Omaha,NE68124,[email protected])
Whatchildrenhearinnoisyroomsisnotthesamethingthatadultshear.Despiteprecociousmaturationoftheperipheralauditory
system,theabilitytohearandunderstandspeechinthepresenceofcompetingbackgroundssoundsisnotfullydevelopeduntiladoles-
cence.Thistalkwillreviewresultsofbehavioralstudiesofauditorymaskinginchildren,withafocusonthedevelopmentspeechper-
ceptionincomplexacousticalenvironments.Datawillbepresentedthatsupportthehypothesisthatchildren’sincreasedsusceptibilityto
auditorymaskingrelativetoadultsisrelatedtoimmatureperceptualprocessingsuchassoundsourcesegregationandselectiveattention.
Findingsfromstudiesinvestigatingtheextenttowhichchildrenbenefitfromacousticcuesthoughttofacilitatesoundsourcesegregation
willbehighlighted.
3126 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3126
WEDNESDAYMORNING,30NOVEMBER2016 LEHUA,9:20A.M.TO12:00NOON
Session3aAAb
ArchitecturalAcousticsandSignalProcessinginAcoustics:AdvancedAnalysis,Simulation,and
AuralizationinRoomAcousticsI
MichaelVorl€ander,Cochair
ITA,RWTHAachenUniversity,Kopernikusstr.5,Aachen52056,Germany
TetsuyaSakuma,Cochair
TheUniversityofTokyo,5-1-5Kashiwanoha,Kashiwa277-8563,Japan
ToshikiHanyu,Cochair
JuniorCollege,DepartmentofArchitectureandLivingDesign,NihonUniversity,7-24-1,Narashinodai,Funabashi
274-8501,Japan
Chair’sIntroduction—9:20
InvitedPapers
9:25
3aAAb1.Canyoutrustyournumericsimulations—Howtoverifyyourcodeandvalidateyourmodel.LauriSavioja(Dept.of M
Comput.Sci.,AaltoUniv.,POBox15500,AaltoFI-00076,Finland,Lauri.Savioja@aalto.fi),SebastianPrepelit(cid:2)a,PierreChobeau(Dept. A
ofComput.Sci.,AaltoUniv.,Espoo,Finland),andJonathanBotts(ARiA,Culpeper,VA) D.
E
Inmanyfieldswherenumericsimulationsareutilized,therearestandardpracticesonhowtomakesurethatthesimulationresults W
areofhighquality.Inroomacousticsimulationsthisseemstobequiterarealthoughthereareseveralfactorsthataffecttheaccuracyof
a
thesimulations.Firstofall,thereshouldbeguaranteesthatthemathematicalmodel,typicallypartialdifferentialequations,actually 3
modelthephysicalphenomenaunderinvestigation.Thiscanbemadesurebyvalidationanditcantakeplace,forexample,bycompar-
ingthesimulationresultstosomereferencesolutionortomeasurementdata.Thisistypicallynotaconcernforthelinearizedwave
equationalthoughaddingrealisticboundaryconditionsmakesitmorechallenging.Anotheressentialfactoraffectingthecorrectnessand
reproducibilityoftheresultsisthequalityoftheimplementation.Codeverificationisaprocedurethataimstoguaranteethatanimple-
mentationisfreeoferrors.Inthispaper,wereviewsomecommonpracticesofcodeverification.Asapracticalexample,weshowverifi-
cationstudiesconductedwithourfinite-differencetime-domainsolver.Inaddition,weshowconvergenceratesobtainedwiththesame
solvertodemonstratetheorderoftheaccuracyoftheunderlyingmodels.
9:45
3aAAb2.Crowdnoisesimulationsystemforsoundenvironmentevaluationofpublicspaces.TetsuyaSakuma(GraduateSchoolof
FrontierSci., The Univ.of Tokyo,5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563,Japan, [email protected]) and YukikoNishimura
(Inst.ofTechnol.,ShimizuCorp.,Tokyo,Japan)
Aimingatthepredictionandevaluationofsoundenvironmentofpublicspaces,asimulation-basedauralizationsystemisdeveloped
forreproducingbackgroundcrowdnoise.Thesystemcombinesroomacousticsmodelingusingaraytracingmethodwithasix-channel
soundfieldreproductionsysteminananechoicroom.Assoundsources,footstepsandvoicesofpedestriansmovingonafloor,and
HVACnoisefromaceilingaremodeled.Inapreliminaryexaminationsimulatingseveralexistingpublicspaces,ageneralcorrespon-
dencetorealsoundfieldareconfirmedinnoiselevelandauditoryimpressionssuchasnoisiness,liveness,andsoon.Next,simulatinga
varietyofimaginaryroomswithchangingroomdimensions,absorptionandpedestriandensity,asubjectiveexperimentofauditorypair-
wisecomparisonsiscarriedout.Theresultsshowthatthenoisinessfairlycorrespondswiththenoiselevel,whereasthefeelingofrever-
berationdoesnotclearlyrelatedtothereverberationtime,whichmaybeduetothecontinuousoverlapofsounds.
10:05–10:20Break
10:20
3aAAb3.Binauralsimulationusingsixchannelreproductionbasedonthefinitedifferencetimedomainroomacousticanalysis.
Shinichi Sakamoto (5th Dept., Inst. of Industrial Sci., The Univ. of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan,
[email protected]),TakatoshiYokota,andSakaeYokoyama(KobayasiInst.ofPhysicalRes.,Tokyo,Japan)
Forauralizationofroomacoustics,varioussimulation-reproductionsystems,suchasraytracing,conetracing,imagesourcemeth-
ods,andwave-basednumericalanalysisforsoundfieldsimulation,andtransauralsystem,multi-channelloudspeakersystemforsound
field reproduction, have been developed. As a sound recording-reproduction system, the six channel system has been developed, in
3127 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3127
whichasoundsignalisrecordedbyorthogonallylocatedsixdirectionalmicrophoneshavingacardioidcharacteristicsandtherecorded
signalsarereproducedbyorthogonallyarrangedsixloudspeakers.Toobtainbinauralsignalsforauralizationwithheadphones,thesix
channelreproductionwascombinedwithbinauralrecordingusingdummyheadmicrophones.Theproposedconceptcanbeefficiently
appliedtoroomacousticsimulation.Asaroomacousticcalculationmethod,finite-differencetime-domainmethodwasemployedinthis
study. The calculated room impulse responses were reproduced by six channel reproduction system, and the binaural signals are
recordedusingdummyheadmicrophones.Inthispresentation,theconceptofthereproductionsystemisfirststatedandsomeexamples
onroomacousticproblemsareintroduced.
10:40
3aAAb4.Evaluationofspatialimpressionofsoundfieldinaconcerthallbasedonthesoundintensityusingmusicalsounds.
Toshiki Hanyu (Dept. of Architecture and Living Design, Junior College, Nihon Univ., 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba
274-8501,Japan, [email protected]), Akiho Matsuo (Graduate Schoolof Sci. and Technol.,Dept. of Architecture, Nihon
Univ.,Funabashi,Chiba,Japan),andKazumaHoshi(Dept.ofArchitectureandLivingDesign,JuniorCollege,NihonUniv.,Funabashi,
Chiba,Japan)
Spatialimpressionisoneofthemostimportantfactorforevaluatingsoundfieldsinconcerthalls.Objectiveindices,suchasthelat-
eralenergymeasures,forevaluatingthespatialimpressionarestandardizedintheISO-3382.Theseindicescanbemeasuredbyusinga
figure-of-eightpatternmicrophone.Ontheotherhand,detailsofspatialinformationofsoundfieldcanbedepictedbymeasuringinstan-
taneoussoundintensityinthesoundfield.However,thusfar,thereisnoindexusingthesoundintensity.Inthisstudy,firsttherelation-
shipbetweentheexistingobjectiveindicesandthesoundintensityisexamined.Inparticular,theexistingobjectiveindicesareredefined
basedonthesoundintensity.Secondarily,someobjectiveindicesarenewlydefinedbyusingthesoundintensity.Theseintensity-based
indicescanbasicallybecalculatedbyusingthesoundintensityofimpulseresponsesinaroom.Third,potentialofmeasuringtheinten-
sity-basedindicesbyusingmusicalsoundsisexamined.Weinvestigatedtheintensity-basedindicesinseveralsoundfieldsbyusing
both impulse responses and musical sounds. Especially, the dependence of signals used in the measurements on the indices was
examined.
11:00
3aAAb5.Acousticfeedbackconsiderationsinsimulationsofsoundsystemsinrooms.WolfgangAhnertandStefanFeistel(Ahnert
FeistelMediaGroup,Arkonastr.45-49,BerlinD-13189,Germany,[email protected])
Computersareemployedsinceabout30yearsinthesimulationofroom-andelectro-acoustics.Simulationtoolshavealwaysconsid-
eredsources,usuallyloudspeakers,butnotmicrophones,whichisthereasonthatacousticfeedbackhasnotbeenconsideredbyanysimula-
tiontoolyet.Asanewfeature,adatabaseformicrophonesisintroducedanalogoustothedatabaseofloudspeakersandothergeneral
sources.Itispossibleinthiswaytosimulatetheregenerationofsoundovertheclosesystemloop,andestimatethemaximumgainbefore
feedback,andrelatedinfluenceonmaximumsoundpressurelevelandspeechintelligibility.Thepaperbrieflydescribestheimportantfea-
turesofthenewmicrophonedatabase.Afterwards,thebasicmechanismofacousticfeedbackisexplained,andthedependenceofthefeed-
back threshold of different sound sources and receivers as well as the acoustic properties of the room. By calculating the feedback
thresholdtheheadroomoftheacousticgainbeforefeedbackmaybepredicted.Thesethresholdvaluesarecalculatedbysimulationand
comparedwithmeasurements.Thiswillbedonefordifferentloudspeaker-microphonearrangementsinaselectedconferencehall.
11:20
3aAAb6.Samplingthesoundfieldinauditoriausingalargescalemicrophonearray.IngoB.WitewandMichaelVorl€ander(Inst.
ofTech.Acoust.,RWTHAachenUniv.,Kopernikusstrasse5,Aachen52074,Germany,[email protected])
Acousticalmeasurementsinauditoriacanbelaboriouswithmicrophonestobeplacedinlargesamplingareasthataredividedby
rowsofseatingandseparatedbybalconies.Asaresult,practicalstudiesareoftenbasedonmeasurementsofarelativelysmallnumber
ofselectedsource-receivercombinations.Thegoalofthispaperistopresentanewmeasurement,visualization,andanalysisapproach
forcomplexwavefields.Themeasurementapparatus,capableofautomaticallysamplingthesoundfieldinauditoriaoverasurfaceof
5.30mx8.00minhighresolution,isdescribed.Basedondatacollectedwiththemicrophonearray,a casestudyofhowsoundis
reflectedandscatteredfromaconcerthall’sboundariesisshown.Thecomparisonofrepeatedmeasurementswithandwithoutthepres-
enceofchairsallowsanewperspectiveongrazingsoundpropagationovertheatreseating(“seatdipeffect”).Thepresentationwillcon-
cludewiththediscussionofspatialfluctuationsofacousticpropertiesasafactorofmeasurementanalysisanduncertainty.
11:40
3aAAb7. Determination of boundary conditions for room acoustics simulation by application of inverse calculation models.
LukasAsp€ock,ThomasMaintz,andMichaelVorl€ander(Inst.ofTech.Acoust.,RWTHAachen,Kopernikusstr.5,AachenD-52074,
Germany,[email protected])
Simulationmodelsforroomacousticssimulationusuallypromisetodeliverpreciseresultsforacertainfrequencyrange.However,
correctresultscanonlybeguaranteedifaccurateinputparametersareprovided.Standardizedmethodsforthedeterminationofbound-
aryconditions,theimpedancetubeandthereverberationchamber,includemeasurementuncertaintieswhichmightleadtodifferentsim-
ulation results. These measurement methods also only capture valid results for special situations, e.g., normal or random wave
incidence.Thisinsufficientdescriptionoftheboundaryconditionsmakesitchallengingtovalidatesimulationmodelsbycomparing
themtomeasuredresults.Evenforrathersimpleroomacousticsituations,state-of-the-artsimulationsfailtomatchmeasurementsusing
in-situmeasurementsortextbookvaluesfortheboundaryconditions.Ingeometricalacoustics,thesedeviationscannotonlyexplained
byinsufficientmeasurementmethodsfortheinputdatabutalsobydifferenthandlingofreflection,scattering,anddiffraction.Toresolve
themismatchbetweenmeasuredandsimulatedresults,optimizationconceptshavebeenproposedtodetermineinputparametersetsfor
thesimulationmodels.Thisworkdiscussestwoinverseapproaches,evaluatestheirpracticabilityfortypicalroomacousticscenarios,
andpresentstheapplicationinacomparisonofroomacousticsimulationsoftware,theinternationalroundrobinofauralization.
3128 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3128
WEDNESDAYMORNING,30NOVEMBER2016 CORAL2,7:50A.M.TO12:00NOON
Session3aAB
AnimalBioacoustics:SessioninHonorofWhitlowAuI
KellyJ.Benoit-Bird,Cochair
CollegeofEarth,Ocean,andAtmosphericSciences,OregonStateUniversity,104COEASAdminBldg.,Corvallis,OR97331
MarcLammers,Cochair
HawaiiInstituteofMarineBiology,46-007LilipunaRd.,Kaneohe,HI96744
TomonariAkamatsu,Cochair
FisheriesResearchAgency,7620-7,Hasaki,Kamisu,Ibaraki314-0408,Japan
Chair’sIntroduction—7:50
InvitedPapers
7:55
3aAB1.Somethingjustclicked:WhitlowAuandthesonarofdolphins.RobertC.Gisiner(IAGC,1225NorthLoopWest,Houston, M
TX77008,[email protected]) A
Isuspectthatnoone,especiallynotWhit,imaginedin1970thathewouldbecometheworld’sauthorityondolphinbiosonar,also D.
E
knownasactiveecholocation.SincethattimeWhithasamassedanastonishinglistofhundredsofpublicationsonthesubject,including
W
theseminaltextonmarinemammalecholocation,TheSonarofDolphins,publishedin1993.Itmaysurprisemanyoftheyoungermem-
a
bersofASAtoknowthattherewasaColdWar“armsrace”forknowledgeaboutdolphinsonarandthatWhitandhisU.S.colleagues 3
carriedonalivelyandmutuallyenrichingcorrespondencewithSovietcolleaguesagainstabackgroundofgovernmentintriguesandlim-
itationsontravelandconferenceattendanceoutofconcernsabouta“biosonargap”everybitasworrisometomilitaryleadersasthenu-
clear arms race (well, maybe not quite as worrisome). Since then Whit has branched out to many other fields of bioacoustics and
mentoredadiversearrayofstudentsattheUniversityofHawaii,butIwillfocusontheyearsattheNavy’smarinemammalfacilityin
Kaneohe,Hawaii,whereIhadthegoodfortunetoworkalongsideWhitforseveralyears.
8:15
3aAB2.Theengineerinfieldbiologist’sclothing:WhitlowAu’sacademicyears.MarcLammers(HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiology,
46-007 Lilipuna Rd., Kaneohe, HI 96744, [email protected]) and Kelly Benoit-Bird (Monterey Bay Aquarium Res. Inst., Moss
Landing,CA)
In1993,thesameyearthatTheSonarofDolphinswaspublished,WhitlowAutransitionedfromtheU.S.Navy’sNavalOceanSys-
temsCentertotheHawaiiInstituteofMarineBiology.Thusbeganasecondprofessionalact,sotospeak,offield-basedresearchand
mentoringthenextgenerationofmarinebioacousticians.Anelectricalengineerdoingfieldbiologymaynotseemlikethenaturalorder
ofthingsatfirst,butthecombinationofWhitlow’sengineeringandacousticprowesscoupledwiththeenthusiasmandenergyofbright
youngbiologistsresultedinapowerfulresearchteam.ThankstoWhitlow’singenuityandcommitmenttoadvancingthestateoftheart,
Hawaii’scoastlinesandmarinehabitatsaroundtheworldwereexploredlikeneverbefore.Alackoffundingortheavailabilityofappro-
priateinstrumentationwereneveranobstacle,butratherbecameopportunitiesforcreativityandinvention.Whitlowandhisstudents’
researchondolphins,theirprey,snappingshrimp,humpbackwhales,andothertaxaledtomanypioneeringbreakthroughsbothinbiol-
ogyandtechnology.WhileWhitlow’sscientificlegacycouldbemeasuredbyhismorethan200publications,itisthehundredsoflives
heinfluencedthoughhisacademicandprofessionalservicethatwillultimatelybehisgreatestmark.
8:35
3aAB3.BioacousticsresearchinAsia,promotedbyWhitlowW.L.Au.DingWang,KexiongWang(Inst.ofHydrobiology,CAS,7
DonghuSouthRd.,Wuhan,Hubei430072,China,[email protected]),SONGHAILI(Inst.ofDeep-SeaSci.andEng.,Sanya,China),
and Tomonari Akamatsu (National Res. Inst. of Fisheries Sci., Fisheries Res. Agency, Japan Fisheries Res. and Education Agency,
Kanagawa,Japan)
Thesonarofdolphins(1993)writtenbyWhitlowW.L.Auacceleratedunderwaterbioacousticsresearch,especiallyinAsianodon-
tocetes.Beforethisbook,verylimitedultrasonicrecordingofodontocetesandbioacousticsresearchofmarinemammalshavebeen
doneinAsia.TheYangtzefreshwatercetaceansprovidedopportunitiesforAsianresearcherstostudybiosonarbehavior,passiveacous-
ticmonitoringmethods,andauditoryphysiologyofodontocetes.TheaboveworkswereaccomplishedwiththeWhitlowAu’spreceding
studiesasbasicreferences.ThepassiveacousticmonitoringmethoddevelopedfromtheYangtzefinlessporpoiseshas beenapplied
3129 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3129
internationallyinrecentyears.WithencouragementandsupportsfromWhitlowAu,biosonarresearch,auditorysensitivitymeasure-
ment,andlongtermacousticmonitoringhavebeenextensivelyconductedonChinesewhitedolphinsandoceanicfinlessporpoises,
whicharethekeyspeciesincoastalenvironmentalassessment,especiallyforthewindmillfarmconstructionareainAsia.Inthemean-
time,WhitlowdispatchedstudentstohelpourresearchesandalsoaccommodatedAsianstudentsinHawaii.Sofar,therearemorethan
fivePh.D.studentsfromAsiainunderwaterbioacousticsfieldsupervisedorpartiallysupervisedbyWhitlowAu.Someofthemhaveal-
readygrownupasleadingresearchersinmarinemammalbioacousticsinAsia.
8:55
3aAB4.BiosonardetectionrangeofmesopelagicpatchesbyspinnerdolphinsinHawaii.WhitlowAu(Univ.ofHawaii,P.O.Box
1106,Kailua,HI96734,[email protected]),MarcO.Lammers(Univ.ofHawaii,Kaneohe,HI),andJakobJung(BremenUniv.ofAppl.
Sci.,Kaneohe,Hawaii)
Spinnerdolphins(Stenellalongirostris)inthenear-shorewatersoftheHawaiianislandsforageonthemesopelagicboundarycom-
munity(mbc)oforganismsconsistingofmyctophids,mid-watershrimp,andsmallsquids.Theyforageatnightinacoordinatedfashion
swimmingparalleltoshorehuntingforpatchesofpreythattheycanencircleandherdintoatightthree-dimensionalpatch.Aprofiler
housingabroadbandecho-rangerthatprojecteddolphin-likebiosonarsignalswasusedtomeasurethetargetstrengthofthembc.Echoes
consistedofanumberofhighlightsbunchedtogetherwithtargetstrengthbetween-45and-55dBbasedonadolphin’sintegrationwin-
dowof264ms.Noisevaluescollectedbyanautonomousacousticrecorderatmidnightinthelocationwheretheprofilerdatawere
obtainedwereusedtoestimatethebiosonardetectionrangeofspinnerdolphinsformesopelagicpatches.Thereceivingdirectivityindex
andthewidthoftheauditoryfilterforTursiopstruncatuswereusedtoestimatethebiosonardetectionrangesofStenellalongirostris
searchingformbcpatches.Usingthesonarequation,thebiosonarthresholddetectionrangeofspinnerdolphinswasestimatedtobe
approximately100plusm,morethansufficientrangefortheanimalstoformulatetheirpreyherdingbehavior.
ContributedPapers
9:15 white-beaked dolphins were conducted using a vertical linear 16-hydro-
phone array in Skjalfandi Bay, Northeastern Iceland during August 2015
3aAB5.Usingacousticstoexamineodontoceteforagingecology:Preda-
andJune2016.ThehydrophoneswereconnectedtoNI-Boardsandtoalap-
tor-prey dynamics in the mesopelagic. Kelly J. Benoit-Bird (Monterey
topcomputeronboardusingasamplerateof1MHzperchannel.Thegroup
BayAquariumRes.Inst.,104COEASAdminBldg.,Corvallis,OR97331,
sizeofthedolphinsvariedfromthreeindividualsupto30animalsinthe
[email protected]), Brandon Southall (Southall Environ.
areaduringtherecordings.Thedolphinecholocationclickswererecorded
Assoc.,Inc.,Aptos,CA),andMarkA.Moline(Univ.ofDelaware,Lewes,
anditwaspossibletotrackindividualsandtoestimatebeam-patternfrom
DE)
theirclicks.Estimatedbeampatternfrom45regularclicksgave-3dBBW
Fromhisexpertiseinbiosonar,WhitlowAubroughtawealthofideas of9.6degreesandmaximumsourcelevelwas208dBre.1mPa.Inaddition
onsonaruse,design,andcontexttothestudyofwildcetaceans,resultingin buzzeswithshortinter-click-intervalsdownto2.5mswererecordedonall
great contributions to our understanding of odontocete foraging ecology. 16channels.
This contribution follows that foundation, using an integrated approach
9:45–10:00Break
comprising echosounders deployed in a deep-diving autonomous under-
water vehicle, ship based acoustics, visual observations, direct prey sam-
10:00
pling, and animal-borne tags to explore the behavior of Risso’s dolphins
foraging inscatteringlayers offCalifornia.Activeacousticmeasurements 3aAB7. Echolocation behavior of endangered fish-eating killer whales
demonstratedthatRisso’sdolphinsdovetodiscretepreylayersthroughout (Orcinusorca)recordedfromdigitalacousticrecordingtags(DTAGs):
thedayandnight.UsingacousticdatacollectedfromtheAUV,wefound Insightintosubsurfaceforagingactivity.MarlaM.Holt,M.BradleyHan-
layersmadeupofdistinct,smallpatchesofanimalsofsimilarsizeandtax- son, Candice K. Emmons (NOAA NMFS NWFSC, 2725 Montlake Blvd
onomyadjacenttocontrastingpatches.Preyformedparticularlytightaggre- East,Seattle,WA98112,[email protected]),DeborahA.Giles(Wild-
gations whenRisso’s dolphins were present.Squidmade upover 70% of life,Fish,&ConservationBiology,Univ.ofCalifornia,Davis,Davis,CA),
thepatchesinwhichdolphinswerefoundandmorethan95%ofthoseatthe Jeffrey T. Hogan (Cascadia Res. Collective, Olympia, WA), and David
deepestdepths.Squidtargetedbydolphinsindeepwaterwerealsolarger, Haas(MarineSci.andConservation,DukeUniv.,Durham,NC)
indicatingsignificantbenefitfromtheserare,physicallydemandingdives.
Careful integration of a suite of traditional and novel tools is providing Killer whales are apex predators with diet specializations that vary
insight into the ecology and dynamics of predator and prey in the amongecotypes.Residentkillerwhalesusebroadbandecholocationclicks
mesopelagic. todetectandcapturefishpreyintheirunderwaterenvironment.Here,we
describetheecholocationbehaviorofendangeredSouthernResidentkiller
9:30 whalesusingDTAGstodeterminesubsurfaceforagingactivityandtoassess
the effects of vessel and noise on foraging behavior. We deployed 29
3aAB6.Echolocation behavior of the Icelandicwhite-beaked (Lageno-
DTAGs on individually-identified killer whales and collected complimen-
rhyncus albirostris) dolphins: Now and then. Marianne H. Rasmussen
taryfielddataoverfourseasonsinsummerhabitat.DTAGshadtwohydro-
(HusavikRes.Ctr.,Univ.ofIceland,Hafnarstett3,Husavik,Iceland640,
phonesthateachrecordedsoundatsamplingratesof192or240kHz,and
Iceland, [email protected]), Jens Koblitz (BioAcoust. Network, BioAcoust. Net-
othersensorstoreconstructwhalemovement.Preyremainswereopportun-
work,Neuss,Germany),andPeterStilz(BioAcoust.Network,BioAcoust.
isticallycollectedduringtagdeploymentstovalidatefeeding.Echolocation
Network,Hechingen,Germany)
signals of the tagged whale were inferred from spectral content and the
Firststudiesoftheecholocationbehaviouroffree-rangingwhite-beaked angle of arrival that corresponded to tag placement. Preliminary results
dolphins(Lagenorhyncusalbirostris)wereconductedinFaxafloiBayinthe reveal that individuals produced steady click trains during shallow dives
SouthwesternpartofIcelandintheyears1997to1999.However,thesight- then dove to deeper depths while clicking at higher repetition rates that
ingrateofwhite-beakeddolphinshasdecreasedinthatareasincethenand graded into bottom-associated low-level buzzes before ascent occurred.
thecurrentstudieswereconductedintheNortheasternpartofIceland.The Theseresults,togetherwithmovementdata,arereliablesubsurfaceforaging
aim of this study was to investigate the difference between normal clicks cuesinthisendangeredpopulationthatcanbeusedtoassessvesseleffects
compared to clicks from buzz sequences. The recordings of the Icelandic onforagingbehavior.
3130 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3130
10:15 Bothdepthandrecordinginstrumentationinfluencedtheclickcharacteris-
tics observed. However, the click properties of some species varied to a
3aAB8. Echolocation parameters of toothed whales measured at sea.
greater degree than others. These results suggest that developing species-
JensC.Koblitz(BioAcoust.Network,Eichenallee32a,Neuss41469,Ger-
specificclassifiersbasedondolphinclicksshouldbeapproachedwithcau-
many,[email protected]),PeterStilz(BioAcoust.Network,Hechingen,
tionandcarefullyvalidated.
Germany), Lisa Steiner (Whale Watch Azores, Horta, Portugal), and
Marianne H. Rassmussen (The Univ. of Iceland’s Res. Ctr. in H(cid:3)usav(cid:3)ık, 11:00
Husavik,Iceland)
3aAB11.Fromdolphinsonartocommercialscientificacousticsystems.
Historically,dataontoothedwhaleecholocationparametersandabilities LarsN.Andersen(UnderwaterSci.,Simrad,KongsbergMaritimeAS,P.O.
werecollectedfromcaptiveanimals.Acousticparametersunderinvestiga- Box111,Horten3191,Norway,[email protected])
tionwere inter-click-interval, spectralcontent,sourcelevel,directionality,
Dolphins have remarkable sonar systems for underwater navigation,
emissiondirection,includingcorrelationandvariationofthoseparameters.
objectdetection,objectinspection,andgeneralunderstandingoftheenvi-
Technologicaladvancesoverthepastdecadehaveallowedcollectingdata
ronment.Itiseasytobeinspiredbytheseadvancedbiosonarsystemswhen
on those parameters from animals at sea using acoustic recording tags or
designing new advanced commercial sonar systems. Similarly, it is also
hydrophonearrays.Usingavertical,lineararrayof16hydrophones,echolo-
easy to be inspired when discussing bioacoustics with Whitlow Au. His
cation clicksfromharbor porpoises,white-beaked dolphins, commondol-
workondolphinsonarsystemshasbeenandstillisofsignificantinspiration
phins, and bottlenose dolphins were recorded around Iceland and the
formanyworkingwithbothbiologicalandmanmadesonarsystems.Perso-
Azores. The animal’spositionat click productionwas computed for each
nalexamplesonhowWhitlowAuhasinspireddevelopmentofcommercial
clickbasedonthetimeofarrivaldifferences.Intensityandspectraldifferen-
scientificechosounderswillbegiven.Characteristicsofdolphinsonarand
cesatthearrayallowedmeasuringsourcelevels,beamwidth,andspectral
commercialscientificacousticsystemswillbediscussed.
variation at different angles relative to on-axis. Advancing knowledge on
theuseandvariationofecholocationsignalsoftoothedwhalesintheirnatu-
11:15
ralhabitatwillallowwidespreadandeffectiveuseofacousticmonitoring.
3aAB12.Theecholocationbeamofbottlenosedolphins(Tursiopstrunca-
10:30
tus): High-resolution measurements of horizontal beam patterns and
3aAB9.Echolocationdetectionoffishinghooksandimplicationsforthe nearfield/farfield transitions. Jason Mulsow (National Marine Mammal
Hawaiian longline fishery. Aude F. Pacini, Paul E. Nachtigall, Adam B. Foundation,2240ShelterIslandDr.,Ste.200,SanDiego,CA92106,jason.
Smith, Rock Owens, and Stephanie Vlachos (School of Ocean and Earth [email protected]),JamesJ.Finneran(U.S.NavyMarineMammalPro-
Sci. and Technol., Hawaii Inst. of Marine Biology, 46-007 Lilipuna Rd., gram,SanDiego,CA),BrianK.Branstetter,PatrickW. Moore,Cameron
Kaneohe,HI96744,[email protected]) Martin,andDorianS.Houser(NationalMarineMammalFoundation,San
Diego,CA)
Interactions between marine mammals and fisheries have a biological M
andeconomicimpactthatisoftendetrimentaltobothfishermenandspecies TheworkofWhitlowAuandcolleagueshasdemonstratedthatdolphin A
of concern. False killer whale bycatch in the Hawaii longline fishery has biosonar forms a highly directional, forward-facing beam. In our recent D.
exceededthepotentialbiologicalremoval(PBR)triggeringthedesignation studies,wehaveexpandeduponpreviousworkbymakingbiosonarbeam E
of a take reduction team under the Marine Mammal Protection Act measurementsusinghigh-resolutionhydrophonearrayswithupto48hydro- W
(MMPA).Asanattempttounderstandtheimportanceofacousticcuesin phones.Bottlenosedolphinsweretrainedtoecholocateonbothphysicaltar- a
3
depredationevents,thisstudypresentspreliminarydatalookingattheecho- getsandphantomechogenerators,withclickssimultaneouslyrecordedon
location ability of a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) to detect a allhydrophonesatasamplingrateof2MHz.Targetranges(andsimulated
longlinefishinghookatvariousdistances.Usingago/no-goparadigm,the target ranges for phantom echoes) were varied in order to examine the
whalewastrainedtoreportthepresenceofthehookatdistancesvaryingin resultingeffectsonthespatialcharacteristicsoftheacousticfield.Thedi-
50 cmincrements.Atotal of 28sessionsof 25trials each werecollected rectivity index of the echolocation beam increased with increasing click
andecholocationsignalswererecordedusinganineelementacousticarray. levelandcenterfrequency,andrecordingsfromextremeoff-axisazimuths
Numberofclicks,acousticparameters,decisiontimeandperformancewere displayed a two-pulse pattern best explained by internal reflections off of
recorded.Thesubjectsuccessfullyreportedthepresenceofthehookupto6 thepremaxillarybones.High-densityhydrophonearraysplacednearecholo-
m. This work presents evidence that false killer whales can easily detect cating dolphins’ heads demonstrated that a transition from the geometric
fishinggearwhichcouldinfluencehowtheyinteractwithlonglinefishery. nearfieldtothefarfieldoccursatapproximately0.3to0.4mfromthemelon.
TheresultswereremarkablysimilartotheearlierfindingsofAuandcol-
10:45 leagues,andprovidefurtherinformationonthespatialcharacteristicsofthe
acousticfieldassociatedwithdolphinbiosonar.[FundingfromONR]
3aAB10.Thecharacteristicsofdolphinclickscomparedacrossrecord-
ingdepthsandinstruments.MarcLammers(HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiol-
11:30
ogy,46-007LilipunaRd.,Kaneohe,HI96744,[email protected]),Julie
N.Oswald(Bio-Waves,Inc.,Encinitas,CA),AnkeKuegler(MarineBiol- 3aAB13.Transmissionbeamcharacteristicsofaspinnerdolphin(Sten-
ogyGraduateProgram,Univ.ofHawaii,Honolulu,HI),andEvaM.Nosal ella longirostris). AdamB. Smith,Aude F.Pacini (MarineMammalRes.
(AbakaiInt.,LLC,Waianae,HI) Program, Hawaii Inst. of Marine Biology, 1933 Iwi Way, Honolulu, HI
96816,[email protected]),PaulE.Nachtigall(MarineMammalRes.
Theidentificationofdelphinidspeciesonthebasisofthecharacteristics
Program,HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiology,Kailua,HI),LeoSuarez(Philip-
of their acoustic signals is an important aspect of many passive acoustic
pines Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Subic Bay, Philippines), Lem
monitoring efforts. The development of species classifiers relies on the
Aragonez (Inst. of Environ. Sci. and Meteorol., Univ. of the Philippines,
assumption that species-specific signal characteristics will be consistent
SubicBay,Philippines),CarloMagno(OceanAdventure,SubicBay,Philip-
across different recording scenarios, including depth and instrumentation.
pines),GailLaule(PhilippinesMarineMammalStrandingNetwork,Subic
However,thisassumptionhaslargelyremaineduntested.Here,wereporton
Bay, Philippines), and Laura N. Kloepper (Biology, St. Mary’s College,
anefforttoexaminewhetherandhowthepropertiesofecholocationclicks
SouthBend,IN)
obtained from different delphinid species vary as a function of recording
depth and the instrument employed. Field recordings of seven species of Transmissionbeamcharacteristicshavebeendescribedinasmallnum-
dolphinswereobtainedoffKona,Hawaii,andSanDiego,CA,usinga250 berofodontocetespecies,providinginsightintothebiologicalandecologi-
mvessel-basedverticalarraycomposedoffivemicroMARSrecorders,two cal factors that have influenced the design of the outgoing echolocation
SoundTraprecorders,andfourC75broadbanddippinghydrophones(Ceta- beam.Thecurrentstudymeasuredtheon-axisspectralcharacteristicsand
ceanResearchTechnology).Theclicksobtainedwerecharacterizedonthe transmissionbeampatternofecholocationclicksfromasmalloceanicdel-
basisoftheirspectralpropertiesanddurationforeachrecordingdepthand phinid,thespinnerdolphin(Stenellalongirostis).Aformerlystrandedindi-
also compared among different instruments deployed at the same depth. vidual was rehabilitated in captivity and trained to station underwater in
3131 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3131
frontofa16elementhydrophonearray.Preliminaryanalysisofasubsetof internalanatomicalstructureandthetransmissionbeampattern.Risso’sdol-
recordedclicksshowedon-axisspectralcharacteristicswithameancenter phin(Grampusgriseus)isaninterestingspeciesforthisinvestigationdueto
frequencyof68kHzanda meanpeakfrequencyof52kHz.Thedolphin thepresenceofauniqueverticalgrooveinthemiddleoftheirforehead.In
exhibitedbothacircularbeamshapeandalsovaryingdegreesofadorso- this study, a linear array of six broadband suction cup hydrophones were
ventrallycompressedtransmissionbeam.Themeanangularbeamwidthfor attached along the forehead groove of an adult female Risso’s dolphin
allclickswas16.6and14.3degreesinthehorizontalandverticalplanes, trainedtocatchfreshlythaweddeadsquidinfrontofaneight-elementfar-
respectively,thoughsomeclicksexhibitedhorizontalbeamwidthsthatwere field hydrophone array. The animal’s movement was simultaneously
almosttwiceaswideastheverticalbeamwidth.Theoverallbeamwasgen- observedusinganunderwatervideocamera.Atotalofninesuccessfulprey
erallybroaderthanthebeamsofpreviouslydescribedspecies,withamean captureswererecorded.Duringeachcatch,theanimalfirstemittedregular
directivityindexforallclicksof21.5dB.Theseresultsarethefirstreports echolocationclicks,whichquicklytransitionedintobuzzes(clickswithdis-
oftransmissionbeamcharacteristicsfromaspinnerdolphin. tinctivelyhighrepetitionrate)untilpreycapture.Theamplitudeandrelative
timeofarrivalofthesesignalsacrossallchannelswereanalyzed.Forasub-
11:45
setoftrials,therelativeamplitudedistributionacrosschannelsvarysignifi-
3aAB14.BiosonarradiationfieldontheforeheadofaRisso’sdolphin cantlybetweenregularclicksandbuzzesinamannerthatmaybeexplained
duringpreycapture.Wu-JungLee(Appl.Phys.Lab.,Univ.ofWashing- bybeampatternchanges.Theseobservationswereinvestigatedjointlywith
ton, 1013 NE 40th St., Seattle, WA 98105, [email protected]), datafromthehydrophonearrayandinterpretedinlightofanatomicalstruc-
Hsin-YiYu(Inst.forEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,NationalTaiwan tureofthemelon.
Univ.,Taipei,Taiwan),WhitlowW.Au,AdamSmith(HawaiiInst.ofMa-
rine Biology, Univ. of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI), I-Fan Jen (Farglory Ocean
Park, Hualien, Taiwan), Wei-Cheng Yang (Dept. of Veterinary Medicine,
NationalChiayiUniv.,Chiayi,Taiwan),Ying-ChingFan(FargloryOcean
Park,Hualien,Taiwan),PaulE.Nachtigall(HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiology,
Univ.ofHawaii,Kaneohe,HI),andLien-SiangChou(Inst.forEcologyand
EvolutionaryBiology,NationalTaiwanUniv.,Taipei,Taiwan)
On-animalsuctioncupswithembeddedhydrophonesallowexamination
of how signals on the forehead of echolocating odontocetes relate to the
WEDNESDAYMORNING,30NOVEMBER2016 KAHILI,7:50A.M.TO12:00NOON
Session3aAO
AcousticalOceanography,UnderwaterAcoustics,andSignalProcessinginAcoustics:OceanAcoustic
Tomography:ActiveandPassive,TheoryandExperimentII
BruceHowe,Cochair
OceanandResourcesEngineering,UniversityofHawaii,2540DoleStreet,HolmesHall402,Honolulu,HI96822
ArataKaneko,Cochair
GraduateSchoolofEngineering,HiroshimaUniversity,1-4-1Kagamiyama,Higashi-Hiroshima739-8527,Japan
HiroyukiHachiya,Cochair
TokyoInstituteofTechnology,2-12-1S5-17,Ookayama,Meguro-ku,Tokyo152-8550,Japan
InvitedPapers
7:50
3aAO1.Recentprogress incoastalacoustictomographyinChina:Experimentsanddataassimilation.Xiao-HuaZhu, Ze-Nan
Zhu,XiaopengFan,Wen-HuLiu,ChuanzhengZhang,MenghongDong,YuLong,andYun-LongMa(SecondInst.ofOceanogr.,State
OceanicAdministration,36BaochubeiRd.,Hangzhou310012,China,[email protected])
Wewillreviewthreerecentcoastalacoustictomography(CAT)experimentscarriedoutinChina:(1)A15-daytomographyexperi-
mentthatwascarriedoutforthefirsttimeintheQiongzhouStraittomeasurethemajortidalcurrentconstituents,residualcurrents,and
volumetransport;(2)AhighprecisionCATexperimentwith11CATsystemsperformedinthewinterof2015intheDalianbay,China.
Thenumberofsuccessfulreciprocaltransmissionlinesreached51,whichmaybethehighestnumberinoceanacoustictomographyhis-
tory.TheCATresultsshowedaveryhighaccuracyofvelocitymeasurementswitharoot-mean-squaredifferenceof4cm/scompared
withmooredADCPmeasurements;(3)RapidsamplingCATmeasurementswereusedtomapthestructureofnonlineartidal(M and
4
3132 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3132
M)currents.TheresultsindicatethatM ispredominantlygeneratedbytheadvectionterms,whilefrictionmechanismsarepredomi-
6 4
nantforgeneratingM .Finally,wewillintroducetheCATdataassimilatedintoanunstructuredtriangulargridoceanmodel(FVCOM)
6
usingtheensembleKalmanfilterscheme.TheassimilatedvelocitiesagreedbetterwithindependentADCPdatathanthoseobtainedby
inversionandsimulation,indicatingthatdataassimilationoftheCATdataistheoptimalmethodforreconstructingthecurrentfield.
8:10
3aAO2. Real-time monitoring of coastal current and throughflow by ocean acoustical tomography with a time reversal re-
sponder.HongZheng(ZhejiangOceanUniv.,No.1HaidaSouthRd.,LinchengChangzhiIsland,Zhoushan,Zhejiang316022,China,
[email protected])andArataKaneko(HiroshimaUniv.,Higashi-Hiroshima,Japan)
TheconventionalCoastalAcousticTomography(CAT)systemworksinacontrolledtimingofsoundtransmissionfromacousticsta-
tionssurroundinganobservationsite.Datareceivedineachstationaresenttoanintegrateddatacenterviacommunicationnetworkand
areal-timemappingofcurrentandsoundspeedisrealized.InanewtimereversalmirrorCATsystem(TRM-CAT)proposed,data
receivedatafewlandstationsbytimereversalrespondersgatheralldatatransferredtothedatacenter.TheSNRofreceivedsignalsis
increasedandthecostoffieldexperimentisreduced.TheTRM-CATconsistsoftwotypesofstation,landandresponsestations.The
landstationisaconventionalCATstationthatsendscodedsignalstotheresponsestationandreceivestimereversalsignalsreleased.
Theresponsestationworkasaresponder,whichdoesnottransmitanyacousticsignals,untilasignalscomingfromthelandstationare
recordedinamemory,andthenreconstructedasatimereversaldatatotransmittowardthelandstationatapre-determinedtiming.
One-waytraveltimeandtraveltimedifferencearedeterminedbyamatchedfilterwithcodes.Asaresults,theaveragesoundspeedand
flowvelocitycanbecalculatedinlandstations.TheTRM-CATisdesignedandthesystemsimulationispresented.Applicationtomoni-
toringvolumeandheattransportsthroughstraitsandriversinrealtimeisplannednow.Finally,theTRM-CATservesasacosteffective
systemforreal-timemappingofvelocitystructuresinthecoastalsea.
ContributedPapers
8:30 CIR estimation problem for a single receiver. Second, we add multiple
receivers,relaxsourcespectrumknowledge,andstudyprocessorperform-
3aAO3. An acoustic tomography method for imaging ocean structure
ance in resolving possibly coherent multipath arrivals across the vertical
with reverberated waves. Robert A. Dunn (Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa,
linearray.Third,wediscusstheextensiontoincludemultipleVLAsandse-
1680East-WestRd.,Honolulu,HI96822,[email protected])
quential processing for a source with known location. Application of the M
Seismicwide-angleimagingusingship-towedacousticsourcesandnet- NoiseCorrelation2009ExperimentandtheSantaBarbaraChannelExperi- A
worksofocean-bottomseismographsisacommontechniqueforexploring ment2016arediscussed. D.
earthstructurebeneathoceans.Inthesestudies,therecordeddataaredomi- E
9:00 W
natedbyacousticwavespropagatingasreverberationsinthewatercolumn.
Ignored by the earth scientist, this data offer an alternative approach for 3aAO5.Deducingenvironmental mismatchfrommatched-mode proc- a
3
determining the structure of the oceans and advancing understanding of essingambiguitysurfacesidelobes.AaronThode(SIO,UCSD,9500Gil-
ocean heat contentand mixing processes.A method, referred to as ocean man Dr., MC 0238, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, [email protected]), Julien
acousticreverberationtomography,isdevelopedthatusesthetraveltimesof Bonnel(Lab-STICC(UMRCNRS6285),ENSTA,Bretagne,France),Chris
reverberatedwavestoimageoceanacousticstructure.Todemonstratethe Verlinden (SIO, UCSD, New London, Connecticut), Margaux Thieury
feasibilityofapplyingthismethodtoexistingandfuturedatacollectedas (Lab-STICC(UMR CNRS 6285), ENSTA, Bretagne, France), and Aileen
partofmarineseismicstudies,asyntheticexampleisdevisedandthemaxi- Fagan(U.S.CoastGuardAcad.,NewLondon,CT)
mumresolutionofthemethodisexploredinthepresenceofdifferentlevels
Theapplicationofnon-lineartimesamplingtobroadbandacousticsig-
of data noise. Reverberation tomography offers significant improvement
nalspropagatinginshallowwaterhasmademodalfilteringpossibleusinga
over classical ocean tomography in that it can produce images of ocean
single hydrophone. As a result, incoherent matched-mode processing
soundspeedovertheentireverticalheightofthewatercolumnandalong
(MMP) techniques are now practical using only single-hydrophone data.
longsurveyprofiles(100+km),onascalemuchfiner(100sofmeters)than
When MMP ambiguity surfaces are constructed from pairs of modes and
traditional tomography. Variations in acoustic wave speed of <1 m/s are
plottedasafunctionofrangeandfrequency,boththemainlobeandside-
possibletodetectwithexistingtechnology.
lobesformstriationsthatembedinformationaboutthetypeandamountof
8:45 environmental mismatch present between the modeled and true environ-
ment. Thus the degree of symmetry that a two-mode frequency-averaged
3aAO4.Towardunderwaterchannelimpulseresponseestimationusing
ambiguitysurfacedisplaysaroundthemainlobeprovidesametricforidenti-
sourcesofopportunity.KayL.Gemba,SantoshNannuru,WilliamHodg-
fying environmental mismatch. Acoustic invariant theory, combined with
kiss,andPeterGerstoft(MPL,ScrippsInst.ofOceanogr.,Univ.ofCalifor-
simulations,demonstratehowmismatchedwaveguidereplicascanbeused
nia,SanDiego,8820ShellbackWay,SpiessHall,Rm.446,LaJolla,CA
to(1)estimatethetruebottominterfacesoundspeed,(2)determinewhether
92037,[email protected])
adownward-refractingwaterborneprofileispresentindata,and(3)estimate
Passiveacoustictomographyexploitstheacousticenergygeneratedby waterbornesoundspeedprofileslopes.Thetheoryalsoexplainswhycertain
sourceswithunknownspectralcontentsuchassourcesofopportunity(e.g., mismatchedenvironmentscangenerateveryhighMMPcorrelations,even
cargoships)tostudytheocean.However,separatingthechannelimpulse withbroadbandsignals.Inashallowwaterenvironmentwithadownward-
response(CIR)fromapossiblymoving,randomradiatorisnon-trivialfor refracting sound speed profile, taking full advantage of this approach
coherent processing and the amount of unknown variables may leave the requires reformulation of non-linear time-sampling methods to extract re-
problem intractable. Using an incremental approach, we study the sparse fractivemodes.[WorksponsoredbytheNorthPacificResearchBoard.]
3133 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3133
InvitedPapers
9:15
3aAO6.CANAPE-2015(CanadaBasinacousticpropagationexperiment):ApilottomographyexperimentintheBeaufortSea.
Matthew Dzieciuch (SIO/UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr., IGPP-0225, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225, [email protected]) and Peter F. Worcester
(SIO/UCSD,SanDiego,CA)
Duringthesummerof2015,testtransmissionsweremadefromaship-suspendedsourcetoamooredverticallinearrayintheBeau-
fortSea.Thesewerecarriedoutatavarietyofrangesinordertoprepareforayear-long(2016-2017)tomographyexperiment.Amajor
concernwastheexpectedtransmissionloss(TL)undertheiceforcurrentclimaticconditionsintheArctic.Agreaterproportionof
smoothfirstyearice(ratherthanroughmulti-yearice)wasexpectedduetoclimatechange.Thisshouldleadtolessscatteringanda
lowerTL.AcousticpropagationintheArticincludespropagationinaweakshallowductaswellasarrivalsofdeeperturningrays.The
TLofthesedifferentregimesiscomparedtothatofanexperimentinatropicalocean,thePhilippineSea.Theinitialanalysisshowsthat
theArcticTLscaleswithrangetothefourthpower.ThislargeTLcouldbebecausetheactualiceconditionsintheexperimentalarea
hadahighproportionofmulti-yearicein2015.
9:35
3aAO7. Capabilities and challenges of ocean acoustic tomography in Fram Strait. Hanne Sagen (Nansen Environ. and Remote
SensingCtr.,Thorm(cid:2)hlensgate47,BergenN-5006,Norway,[email protected])andPeterF.Worcester(ScrippsInst.ofOceanogr.,
Univ.ofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,CA)
TheFramStraitisofgreatimportanceinoceanclimatemonitoring,asitistheonlydeep-waterconnectionbetweentheArcticand
AtlanticOceans.EventhoughanextensivearrayofoceanographicmooringshasbeenoperatedinFramStraitsince1996tomonitorthe
transportsthroughtheStrait,thesmallspatialscalesoftheflowarepoorlyresolved,leadingtolargeuncertainties.Beginninginthe
2005-2010 DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies) project,
underwateracousticmethodswereintroducedtoimprovethemonitoringofFramStrait.A2008-2009pilotstudywithasingleacoustic
pathwasfollowedduring2010-2012intheACOBAR(ACoustictechnologyforOBservingtheinterioroftheARcticOcean)projectby
theimplementationofamultipurposeacousticnetworkwithatriangleofacoustictransceiversforoceanacoustictomography,ambient
noise,andglidernavigation.Themeasurementswerecontinuedduring2014-2016inUNDER-ICE(ArcticOceanUnderMeltingIce),
witheightacousticpathscrisscrossingtheFramStraitat78-800N.TomographyinFramStraitisdemanding.Thesound-speedfieldhas
aweaksoundchannelwithlittlegeometricdispersion,makingitdifficulttoresolveandidentifyindividualarrivals.Thestrongoceano-
graphicvariabilityinspaceandtimereducesthecoherenceofthereceivedsignalandthestabilityofthearrivalpattern.Thestatusofto-
mographyinFramStraitwillbesummarized,focusingonthecapabilitiesandchallenges.
9:55–10:10Break
ContributedPapers
10:10 10:25
3aAO8. Acoustic noise interferometry and ocean dynamics. Oleg A. 3aAO9.Inferringsalinitymicrostructureusinghigh-frequencyrecipro-
Godin(Phys.Dept.,NavalPostgrad.School,NPS833DyerRd.,Bldg.232, calacoustictransmission.AndoneC.Lavery(Appl.OceanPhys.andEng.,
Monterey,CA93943-5216,[email protected]) Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., 98 Water St., MS 11, Bigelow 211,
WoodsHole,MA02536,[email protected])
Noiseinterferometryreliesonaveraginglongtimeseriestorevealthe
deterministicfeaturesofthenoisecross-correlationfunction,whichcontain The Connecticut River Estuaryis highlystratified,stronglyinfluenced
informationaboutthepropagationmedium.Unlikethesolidearth,theocean byfreshwaterdischargeandtides,andcharacterizedbyhydrographicfea-
exhibitsconsiderablevariabilityatthetimescalesthatareshorterthanthe turessuchasdynamicfronts,plumes,internalwaves,shearinstability,and
necessarynoiseaveragingtimesofhoursanddays.Thisvariabilityisapri- the incoming salt-wedge. An experiment was conducted to measure the
maryfactorthatlimitsusefulnoiseaveragingtimesandunderliesthemore impactofthesehydrographicfeaturesonthepropagationofhigh-frequency
limited applicability of acoustic noise interferometry than of the better sound,andtousethepath-averagedacousticfieldstoinferpropertiesofsa-
establishedseismicinterferometry.Thispaperaimstoquantifytherestric- linitymicrostructure.Two120kHz,4-elementarrays,eachelementwithre-
tions,whichareimposedonthenoiseinterferometrybytheoceanvariabili- ciprocal transmission capabilities, were deployed for 5 days mid-water-
ty,andtoidentifypossibleapplicationsofpassiveacousticremotesensing column,spanningmultipletidalcyclesandarangeofdischargeconditions.
tocharacterizingoceandynamics.Atheorywillbepresentedthatquantifies Extensive environmental data were collected, including ADCP profiles,
the coherence loss of measured noise cross-correlations due to gravity CTD profiles, salinity microstructure at various depths, and broadband
wavesontheoceansurface,tidallyinducedchangesinthewaterdepth,and acousticbackscatter(100-600kHz).Resultsfromthisexperimentshowthat
internalgravitywaves.Itisfoundthattemporalvariationsoftheoceanpa- 1)shearinstabilitiesdominatedthestructureofthesoundpropagationdur-
rametersleadtofrequency-dependentsuppressionofdeterministicfeatures ing the ebb tide and were coherent features across the propagation path
inthenoisecross-correlationfunctions.Thecoherencelosslimitsthereso- length,2)salinitystratificationcouldbededucedfromreciprocaltransmis-
lutionofdeterministicinversions.Ontheotherhand,thepassivelymeasured sions,3)theslopeoftheshearinstabilitiescouldbeinferredbycombining
coherencelosscanbeinvertedtostatisticallycharacterizeoceandynamics theADCPdataandarrivaltimesatdifferentdepths,and4)andtheincom-
atunresolvedspatialandtemporalscales. ingsalt-wedgewasthedominanthydrographicfeatureaffectingthesound
propagation during the flood tide. [This work was funded by the ONR
OceanAcousticsProgram.]
3134 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3134
10:40 11:10
3aAO10. Information content of ocean travel-times in the Philippine 3aAO12. Acoustic mode travel time variability in the Philippine Sea.
Sea.BrianPowell,SarahWilliamson,andXiaofengZhao(Oceanogr.,Univ. TarunK.Chandrayadula(OceanEng.,IITMadras,109BOceanEng.,IIT
of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Rd., MSB, Honolulu, HI 96822, powellb@hawaii. Madras,Chennai,TamilNadu600036,India,[email protected]),JohnA.
edu) Colosi (Naval Postgrad. School, Monterey, CA), Peter F. Worcester, and
MatthewA.Dzieciuch(ScrippsInst.ofOceanogr.,SanDiego,CA)
ThePhilippineSeaisahighlyenergeticregionofvaryingscalesfrom
planetarydowntotidal.Significanteddyactivityispresentthroughoutthe During the 2009 NPAL (North Pacific Acoustic Laboratory) PhilSea
region with enhanced mesoscale activity centered around 22N. Tidally deepwateracousticpropagationexperiment,alowfrequencysourcetrans-
driven internal waves emit from the Luzon Strait into the Philippine Sea mittedbroadbandchirpstoamid-waterspanninghydrophonearrayatadis-
and are the most energetic inthe world. These multiple dynamical scales tanceof185kmeverythreehoursforapproximatelyonemonth.Inaddition,
combine to have significant influence on the density structure and sound transmissionstookplaceeveryfiveminutesduringsometimeperiods.The
speed in the region. In 2010, a large deep-water acoustic transmission sourceandthereceiverarraycontainedconductivityandtemperaturesen-
experiment was conducted to investigate the acoustics in such a dynamic sors.Themotionsofthesourceandreceivermooringsweremeasuredusing
environment.Atotalofseventransceiverswereusedforprovidingsignifi- long-baselineacousticnavigationsystems.Theexperimentsitewasoceano-
cantcoverageoverthewesternPhilippineSea.Inthistalk,weuseadata- graphically dynamic and contained significant internal tide activity. This
assimilative numerical ocean model to investigate how travel-times from work builds a model to compare the acoustic and oceanographic variabil-
theacousticarraycovarywiththeocean.Usingbothpredictionsandanaly- ities.Theacousticobservationsareusedtoestimatethemodetraveltimes,
sesfromthemodel,weinvestigatehowwellthemodeliscapableofresolv- andthenrelatedtotheinternaltidedisplacementsatthesourceandthere-
ing acoustic rays and travel-times without the constraint of the acoustic ceiverarrays.Thispaperpresentstheworkinthreeparts.Thefirstpartuses
observations.Wethenworktoquantifyhowtheoceancovarieswithacous- matchedsubspacedetectorstoestimatethemodetraveltimes.Thesecond
tictravel-timestohelpustounderstandthevariabilityintheoceanthatcon- uses the environmental observations to build an internal tide model. The
trolsthepropagationandwhatthepropagationcantellusabouttheoceanic thirdconstructsalinearperturbationmodeltorelatetheinternaltidestothe
variability. adiabaticmodetraveltimes.Thediscrepanciesbetweenthemodelandthe
observationsareattributedtofactorssuchaslimitationsoftheperturbation
10:55
modelforthetraveltimes,rangevariabilitynotaccountedforintheadia-
3aAO11.Deblurringacousticsignalsfor statistical characterizationin baticmodepropagation,andsignalprocessingissues.
applicationsofoceanacoustictomography.ViktoriaTaroudaki(Biomedi-
11:25
cal Image Computing Group, Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of Washington,
1959NEPacificSt.,Seattle,WA98195,[email protected]),CostasSmarag- 3aAO13. Deep water sound sources for ocean acoustic tomography and
dakis,andMichaelTaroudakis(Dept.ofMathematicsandAppl.Mathemat- long-rangenavigation.AndreyK.MorozovandDouglasC.Webb(Teledyne,
M
ics&IACM,Univ.ofCreteandFORTH,Heraklion,Greece) 49EdgertonDr.,NorthFalmouth,MA02556,[email protected])
A
The signal characterization method suggested by Taroudakis et al. Thefirsttestofthetunableorgan-pipewassuccessfullyconductedon11 D.
(J.Acoust.Soc.Am.119,1396-1405(2006))basedonthestatisticsofits1- Sept. 2001. The sound source was efficient, powerful, and had unlimited E
W
D wavelet transform coefficients and successfully applied for inverting operationaldepth,aswellasaminimumlevelofhighfrequencyharmonic
acousticsignalsinapplicationsofacousticaloceanographyhasbeenproven content.Theprojectorusesanarrow-band,highlyefficientsoundresonator, a
3
to be sensitive to noise contamination of the signal, but still, it provides whichistunedtomatchthefrequencyandphaseofareferencefrequency-
goodinversionresultsifanappropriatedenoisingstrategyisapplied.Inthis modulatedsignal.Since2001,manydeep-wateroceanacousticexperiments
work,thestatisticalsignalcharacterizationisappliedtosignalswhichare haveusedthistypeofsoundsource.Thesourcewassuccessfullyusedfor
bothblurredandnoisecontaminated.Deblurringofthesignalisachieved ocean acoustic tomography and long range navigation. Recently, it was
bymeansofatechniqueintroducedbyTaroudakiandO’Leary(SIAMJ. shownthatabottom-deployedsweptfrequencyarraycanbeusedforhigh-
Sci. Comput.37(6),A2947-A2968(2015))forimagedeblurring,anditis resolution seismic imaging of deep geological formations. The long-term
based on a statistical near optimal spectral filtering technique that takes operatingexperienceofthesoundsourcesdemandsthedevelopmentofan
advantage of the singular values of the approximated blurring matrix and improved sound source system. A finite-element analysis that shows the
thePicardParameterofthesignalthatallowsforestimationoftheadditive structuralacousticsofthetunableresonatorhasbeenconductedtoimprove
noisepropertiesandestimationoftheerror.Thestudyisextendedtocases theacousticsofthesoundsource.Theanalysisgaveabettersolutionfora
whennoaccurateknowledgeoftheblurringmechanismisavailable.Itis tuningmechanismwithanoctavefrequencyrange.Thedevelopmentofthe
shown by typical simulated experimental data that the combination of electricandmechanicalsystemsofthesoundsourcewillbediscussed.Tele-
deblurringandsimpledenoisingstrategiesprovidegoodresultswithrespect dyne Marine Systems continues innovating promising solutions for ocean
tobothsignalcharacterizationandsubsequentinversions. acoustictomography,navigation,andseismo-acousticapplications.
InvitedPaper
11:40
3aAO14.Recentprogressincoastalacoustictomography.ArataKaneko(GraduateSchoolofEng.,HiroshimaUniv.,HiroshimaUni-
versity, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, [email protected]), Fadli Syamsudin, Yudi Adityawarman (Agency for the
AssessmentandApplicationofTechnol.(BPPT),Jakaruta,Indonesia),HongZheng(ZhejiangOceanUniv.,Zhoushan,China),Chen-
FenHuang,NaokazuTaniguchi(NationalTaiwanUniv.,Taipei,Taiwan),XiaohuaZhu(StateOceanicAdministration,SecondInst.of
Oceanogr.,Hangzhou,China),JuLin(OceanUniv.ofChina,Qingdao,China),andNoriakiGohda(GraduateSchoolofEng.,Hiroshima
Univ.,Higashi-Hiroshima,Japan)
Coastalacoustictomography(CAT)whichwasproposedbyHiroshimaUniversityin1990sasashallow-seaapplicationofocean
acoustictomography(OAT)isdevelopedasamirror-typeCAT(MCAT)formeasuringdeepstraitthroughflowsinIndonesianarchipel-
agoseasinrealtime.MCATsystemiscomposedofalandstation(M0)connectedtoa100msubmarinecableedgedbya5kHzsubsur-
face transceiver and triangular-arrayed bottom-moored stations (M1, M2, and M3). Reciprocal data are first obtained among three
stationpairs(M1M2,M2M3,andM3M1).DatareceivedatM1fromM2andM3aretransferredtothelandstation(M0)bythefirst
3135 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3135