Wearable Antennas and Electronics

294 Pages·2022·9.333 MB·English

by  Asimina Kiourti, John L. Volakis

Wearable Antennas and Electronics
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Wearable Antennas and Electronics
Asimina Kiourti
John L. Volakis
Editors
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-821-0
Cover design by Charlene Stevens
© 2022 Artech House
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
1.1 History of Wearables 1
1.2 Applications of Wearables 2
1.3 The Future of Wearables 5
1.4 Book Overview 6
References 7
CHAPTER 2
Basic Approaches for Printing and Weaving Wearables 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Basics of Embroidery 11
2.2.1 Operating Principle 11
2.2.2 Types of Conductive Threads 14
2.2.3 Substrates Used for Embroidered Prototypes 15
2.2.4 Nonconductive Threads 16
2.3 Advanced Aspects of Embroidery 17
2.3.1 Improving Precision 17
2.3.2 Grading the Embroidery Density for Foldable Prototypes 18
2.3.3 Colorful Prototypes 19
2.4 Polymer Integration 21
2.4.1 Polymer Substrates 21
2.4.2 Stretchable Prototypes Embedded in Polymer 21
2.4.3 Magneto-Actuated Prototypes 23
2.5 Performance 24
2.5.1 Radio-Frequency Performance 24
2.5.2 Mechanical Performance 28
2.5.3 Launderability 31
2.6 Example Applications 31
2.6.1 Textile-Based Antennas 32
2.6.2 Electromagnetic and Circuit Components 33
2.6.3 Sensors and Actuators 36
References 36
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 3
Wearable Electronics with Flexible, Transferable, and Remateable
Components 41
3.1 Technology Drivers 41
3.2 Functional Building Blocks 43
3.2.1 System Architecture and Components 43
3.2.2 Power and Data Telemetry 46
3.2.3 Energy Storage: Batteries and Supercapacitors 48
3.3 Technology Building Blocks for Heterogeneous Component Integration 50
3.3.1 Thin Substrates 51
3.3.2 Circuit Formation: Metallization, Photopatterning, or Additive
Deposition 55
3.3.3 Device and Component Assembly 60
3.3.4 Encapsulation 66
3.4 Transferable On-Skin Electronics 66
3.4.1 Laser or Thermal-Assisted Release 67
3.4.2 Transfer with an Elastomeric Stamp 68
3.4.3 Transfer with a Water-Soluble Tape 68
3.4.4 Direct Flex Transfer onto Skin: Cut, Paste, Peel, and Release 69
3.4.5 Flex Substrate Embedding into E-Textiles 70
3.5 Biosignal Interfaces: Electrode and Photonic Interfaces 71
3.5.1 Ag/AgCl Electrodes 74
3.5.2 Dry Electrodes 75
3.5.3 Carbon- or Conducting Polymer-Based Electrodes 76
3.5.4 Fractal Gold Electrodes 77
3.5.5 Electrochemical Electrodes 78
3.6 Remateable Connectors 78
3.6.1 Pin-Socket Connectors 80
3.6.2 Flat Connectors 81
3.6.3 Reworkable Adhesives 84
3.7 Conclusion 85
References 86
CHAPTER 4
Wearable Antennas 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Embroidered Antennas 92
4.2.1 Design and Construction 94
4.3 Screen-Printed Antennas 95
4.3.1 Design and Construction 99
4.4 Inkjet-Printed Antennas 100
4.4.1 Design and Construction 101
4.5 Material Considerations: Fabrics, Inks, and Threads 102
4.5.1 Fabrics 102
Contents vii
4.5.2 Conductive Fibers 103
4.5.3 Conductive Inks 104
4.6 Applications 104
References 110
CHAPTER 5
Wearable Sensors 115
5.1 Sensing with Wearables 115
5.2 Wearable Electronics for Biomarker Extraction 116
5.3 Wound Monitoring RFID Bandage on Textile Surface 117
5.4 Textile Based Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 118
5.5 Wound Assessment Using Data Modulation 119
5.6 Smart Bandage Integration for Practical Measurements 123
5.7 Wireless Power Telemetry Link 124
5.7.1 Near Field Power Transfer Using a Corrugated Crossed-Dipole
Antenna 124
5.7.2 Textile-Based Rectifier 124
5.8 Measurement Setup Realized to Emulate In Vivo Electrochemical
Sensing and Monitoring Scenarios 127
5.9 Conclusion 129
References 130
CHAPTER 6
Wearable RF Harvesting 133
6.1 Part 1: Far-Field Integrated Power Transfer and Harvesting for
Wearable Applications 133
6.1.1 Introduction 133
6.1.2 Conductive Thread Embroidery-Based Fabrication of Patch
Antenna 134
6.1.3 Textile-Based Single-Diode Rectifier in Wearable Applications 138
6.1.4 Design and Optimization of Textile Rectenna Array 140
6.1.5 RF-Power Availability Tests 140
6.1.6 Power Harvesting Using Textile Rectenna Arrays 143
6.2 Part 2: Near-Field Integrated Power Transfer and Harvesting for
Wearable Applications 145
6.2.1 Introduction 145
6.2.2 Anchor-Shaped Antenna: Fundamentals 146
6.2.3 Textile-Integration of an Anchor-Shaped Antenna and Its
Ergonomic Applications 163
6.2.4 RF-to DC Rectifier Design and Optimization 167
6.2.5 System Design and Tests Using RF Rectifier and Anchor-Shaped
Antenna 172
6.3 Conclusion 175
References 176
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CHAPTER 7
Radiofrequency Finger Augmentation Devices for the Tactile Internet 181
7.1 Introduction 181
7.2 Communication Models for the Fingertip-Wrist Backscattering Link
and Its Variability 183
7.3 Constrained Design of R-FADs 186
7.4 R-FAD Manufacturing 189
7.5 R-FAD Applications to Aid Sensorially Impaired People 191
7.5.1 Sensing an Item’s Temperature 192
7.5.2 Discrimination of Materials 194
7.6 Application to Cognitive Remapping 197
7.7 Conclusion 197
7.8 Acknowledgments 199
References 199
CHAPTER 8
Wearable Imaging Techniques 203
8.1 Wearable Imaging Algorithms 205
8.1.1 Radar-Based RF and THz Imaging 205
8.2 Ultrasound Imaging 223
8.3 Optical Tomography 225
8.4 Photoacoustics Imaging 229
References 235
CHAPTER 9
Wearable Wireless Power Transfer Systems 241
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 WPT Methods 242
9.2.1 Inductive Power Transfer 244
9.2.2 Resonant Inductive Coupling 245
9.2.3 Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance 245
9.3 CSCMR Systems for Wearable Applications 249
9.3.1 CSCMR System Design 249
9.3.2 Performance of CSCMR System on the Human Body 251
9.3.3 Magnetic Field Distributions 254
9.3.4 Specific Absorption Rate 255
9.4 CSCMR Systems for Implantable Applications 258
9.5 Conclusion 260
References 263
About the Editors 267
About the Contributors 271
Index 275