Wearable and Wireless Systems for Healthcare I: Gait and Reflex Response Quantification

142 Pages·2018·3.327 MB·English

by  Robert LeMoyne, Timothy Mastroianni

Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 27
Robert LeMoyne
Timothy Mastroianni
Wearable
and Wireless
Systems for
Healthcare I
Gait and Reflex Response Quantification
Smart Sensors, Measurement
and Instrumentation
Volume 27
Series editor
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Department of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering
Macquarie University
Sydney, NSW
Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10617
Robert LeMoyne Timothy Mastroianni
(cid:129)
Wearable and Wireless
Systems for Healthcare I
fl fi
Gait and Re ex Response Quanti cation
123
RobertLeMoyne Timothy Mastroianni
Department ofBiological Sciences, Center Independent
forBioengineering Innovation Pittsburgh, PA
Northern ArizonaUniversity USA
Flagstaff, AZ
USA
ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic)
Smart Sensors, Measurement andInstrumentation
ISBN978-981-10-5683-3 ISBN978-981-10-5684-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5684-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017952009
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
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In Memoriam:
David Peduto (Lt. Col. US Army)
(1954–2016)
To a friend, valued research team member,
and Patriot.
Jonathan Swift Ph.D. (1932–2017)
To an incredible teacher who made learning
an adventure.
“Think globally, and act locally!”
Wes Stewart (1924–2017)
Cousin Wes you are a dearly cherished
member of our family and the personification
of America’s Greatest Generation. You are
deeply missed. I take comfort knowing
everybody has an angel.
To my wife, thank you for everything. Love
Always.
I would like to thank my Mother, Father, and
brother for their support.
“Nothing transcends the power of the human
spirit.”
from a homeless Vietnam Veteran and very
loyal friend
And in the wind he’s still alive.
“Tobeatatiger,oneneedsabrother’shelp.”
Chinese Proverb
Thanks Tim.
Chiri mo tsumoreba yama to naru.
A favorite Japanese Proverb (in Romaji)
Translation:
Even dust piled up becomes a mountain.
Preface
The domain of wearable and wireless systems for biomedical and rehabilitation
applications, such as through smartphones and portable media devices, is antici-
patedtogrowexponentially.Evenfromthetimeofpresentingthedraftmanuscript
ofthisbooktothetimeofpublication,theprevalenceofthissubjectisexpectedto
undergo meaningful transformation and evolution. These devices enable wireless
inertialsensorapplicationstoanassortmentofscenariospertainingtorehabilitation
and therapy.
Since2010whenLeMoyne,Mastroianni,andourresearchteamappliedanovel
smartphone application for quantifying Parkinson’s disease tremor and gait quan-
tification in the context of a wireless accelerometer, the opportunities have
expanded considerably. The authors are delighted to provide a contribution to this
exciting field with the anticipation of the considerable array of developments in
years to follow. Please enjoy the knowledge and intellectual inspiration that our
book provides with the goal of providing meaningful, robust, and optimal reha-
bilitation for many.
Flagstaff, USA Robert LeMoyne
Pittsburgh, USA Timothy Mastroianni
ix
Contents
1 Wearable and Wireless Systems for Gait Analysis
and Reflex Quantification..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 2
1.2 Summary of the Pending Chapters.. .... .... .... ..... .... 5
1.3 Conclusion ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 16
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17
2 Traditional Clinical Evaluation of Gait and Reflex Response
by Ordinal Scale ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 21
2.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 21
2.2 Ordinal Scale for Quantification of Reflex Response ..... .... 22
2.3 Ordinal Scale Technique for Gait... .... .... .... ..... .... 25
2.4 Ordinal Scale Strategy for Friedreich’s Ataxia . .... ..... .... 25
2.5 Transition to Wearable and Wireless Systems . .... ..... .... 26
2.6 Conclusion ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 27
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 27
3 Quantification Systems Appropriate for a Clinical Setting.... .... 31
3.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 31
3.2 Conventional Systems for Gait Analysis.. .... .... ..... .... 33
3.2.1 Foot Switches .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 34
3.2.2 Electrogoniometers .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 34
3.2.3 Electromyogram (EMG) .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
3.2.4 Metabolic Analysis .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 36
3.2.5 Optical Motion Cameras
(Kinematics of Human Motion)... .... .... ..... .... 36
3.2.6 Force Plates. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 38
3.3 Synergistic Operation of Clinical Gait Laboratory Resources
for Gait Analysis and Associated Signal Processing. ..... .... 40
xi
xii Contents
3.4 Electromechanical Techniques for Reflex Quantification... .... 41
3.5 Conclusion ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 42
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 42
4 The Rise of Inertial Measurement Units . .... .... .... ..... .... 45
4.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45
4.2 Evolutionary Pathway for Inertial Sensors .... .... ..... .... 46
4.3 Application Scenarios for Accelerometer Systems .. ..... .... 47
4.4 Wireless Accelerometer Systems for Gait Analysis.. ..... .... 52
4.5 Conclusion ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 55
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 55
5 Portable Wearable and Wireless Systems for Gait
and Reflex Response Quantification. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 59
5.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 59
5.2 First Generation Wireless Reflex Quantification Device... .... 60
5.3 Second Generation Wireless Reflex Quantification Device. .... 60
5.4 Third Generation Wireless Quantified Reflex Device ..... .... 61
5.5 Artificial Reflex System .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 62
5.6 Wireless Accelerometer Reflex Quantification System
Characterizing Response and Latency.... .... .... ..... .... 63
5.7 Fourth Generation Wireless Quantified Reflex Device .... .... 63
5.8 Gait Analysis Using Wearable and Wireless Accelerometer
Nodes... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 65
5.9 Virtual Proprioception.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 67
5.10 Further Applications of Wearable and Wireless Inertial
Sensor Systems for Gait Quantification... .... .... ..... .... 68
5.11 Conclusion ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69
References. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 70
6 Smartphones and Portable Media Devices as Wearable
and Wireless Systems for Gait and Reflex Response
Quantification . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 73
6.1 Introduction .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 73
6.2 Smartphone Quantifying Gait as a Wireless Accelerometer
Platform . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 75
6.3 Post-processing and Numerical Analysis for the Acquired
Acceleration Waveform for Gait.... .... .... .... ..... .... 77
6.4 Portable Media Device for Quantifying Gait as a Wireless
Accelerometer Platform .. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 78
6.5 Smartphone Wireless Accelerometer Platform for
Quantification of Prosthetic Gait.... .... .... .... ..... .... 79
6.6 Smartphone Wireless Gyroscope Platform for Quantification
of Hemiplegic Reduced Arm Swing. .... .... .... ..... .... 80