W E A R E A L L M I G R A N T S W E A R E A L L M I G R A N T S Political Action and the Ubiquitous Condition of Migrant-hood G R E G O R Y F E L D M A N stanford briefs An Imprint of Stanford University Press Stanford, California Stanford University Press Stanford, California ©2015 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this brief may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feldman, Gregory, 1969– author. We are all migrants : political action and the ubiquitous condition of migrant-hood / Gregory Feldman. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8047-8933-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Political alienation. 2. Political participation. 3. Political psychology. 4. Power (Social sciences) 5. Political science—Philosophy. I. Title. JA74.5.F47 2015 323.3'2912—dc23 2015004651 ISBN 978-0-8047-9588-3 (electronic) Typeset by Classic Typography in 10/13 Adobe Garamond FOR ARMANDO, WHO MADE ME REALIZE THAT FREEDOM BEGINS WITH THINKING. FOR TY, WITH WHOM I WANDERED THROUGH THE HILLS OF BOXGROVE, ENGLAND, AND WONDERED WHAT LIFE MIGHT HAVE BEEN LIKE IN THE LOWER PALEOLITHIC. I know somewhat too much; and from this knowledge, once one has been infected, there seems to be no recovering. I ought never to have taken my lantern to see what was going on in the hut by the granary. On the other hand, there was no way, once I had picked up the lantern, for me to put it down again. —J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians CONTENTS Preface: Migrations Without Migrants and Migrants Without Migrations ix Acknowledgments xv Introduction: The Presence of Migrant-hood and the Absence of Politics 1 PART 1 Atomization: The Ubiquitous Condition of Migrant-hood 19 PART 2 Activity: Atomization Through Connection 53 PART 3 Action: The Presence of Politics and the Absence of Migrant-hood 85 Bibliography 113 PREFACE Migrations Without Migrants and Migrants Without Migrations Archaeologists estimate that at least a hundred thousand years ago anatomically modern humans began migrating out of what we now call Africa. They traveled through today’s Sinai Peninsula and Horn of Africa, into the Middle East, and then throughout the Eurasian landmass. Their journeys would have involved the pursuit of game, pressures from rival bands, climatic and environmental changes, or a combination thereof. If these journeys transpired over centuries or millennia, then perhaps they would not have even recognized them as migrations. We can reasonably assume that each generation encountered only slight shifts in location rather than an epic trek “out of Africa,” as we might see it today. If signifi- cant parts of the journey transpired over a few generations, then it could have played a central role in collective memory. A sense of estrangement might have characterized the lore that was narrated to children. These people might have felt nostalgia for lost kin and for the familiar landscapes they once effortlessly navigated. The old deities, dwelling in the grasses, trees, and shrubs, who could help or hinder the daily goings-on, would have become the stuff of leg- ends, and new ones would have been encountered. The new game they hunted might have ranged in less predictable circuits. Rather than ally with neighboring clans that were easily located in their ix