WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, Fourth Edition

556 Pages·2007·12.554 MB·English

WCDMA
UMTS
FOR
WCDMA for UMTS – HSPA Evolution and LTE, Fourth Edition. Edited by Harri Holma
and Antti Toskala © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-31933-8
WCDMA
UMTS – HSPA
FOR
LTE
EVOLUTION AND
Fourth Edition
Edited by
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
Both of
Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland
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WCDMAforUMTS:radioaccessforthirdgenerationmobile
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ISBN 978-0-470-31933-8(cloth)
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systems–Standards.4. Globalsystemformobilecommunications.I.Holma,Harri,1970-II.Toskala,Antti.
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Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 WCDMA in Third-Generation Systems 1
1.2 Spectrum Allocations for Third-Generation Systems 2
1.3 Requirements for Third-Generation Systems 3
1.4 WCDMA and its Evolution 4
1.5 System Evolution 6
References 6
2 UMTS Services 9
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen and Antti Toskala
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Person-to-Person Circuit Switched Services 10
2.2.1 AMR-NB and AMR-WB Speech Services 10
2.2.2 Video Telephony 13
2.3 Person-to-Person Packet Switched Services 15
2.3.1 Messaging 15
2.3.2 Push-to-Talk over Cellular 19
2.3.3 Voice over IP 21
2.3.4 Multiplayer Games 21
2.4 Content-to-Person Services 22
2.4.1 Browsing 22
2.4.2 Audio and Video Streaming 23
2.4.3 Content Download 24
2.5 Business Connectivity 24
2.6 Location Services 26
2.6.1 Cell-Coverage-Based Location Calculation 27
2.6.2 Assisted GPS 28
vi Contents
2.7 QoS Differentiation 29
2.8 Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery 34
2.8.1 Capacity per Subscriber 34
2.8.2 Cost of Voice and Data Delivery 35
2.9 Summary 37
References 38
3 Introduction to WCDMA 39
Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters
in WCDMA 39
3.3 Spreading and Despreading 41
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 44
3.5 Power Control 47
3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 50
References 52
4 Background and Standardisation of WCDMA 53
Antti Toskala
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Background in Europe 53
4.2.1 Wideband CDMA 54
4.2.2 Wideband TDMA 55
4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA 55
4.2.4 OFDMA 56
4.2.5 ODMA 56
4.2.6 ETSI Selection 57
4.3 Background in Japan 57
4.4 Background in Korea 58
4.5 Background in the United States 58
4.5.1 W-CDMA N/A 58
4.5.2 UWC-136 58
4.5.3 cdma2000 58
4.5.4 TR46.1 59
4.5.5 WP-CDMA 59
4.6 Creation of 3GPP 59
4.7 How does 3GPP Operate? 61
4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 62
4.9 Harmonisation Phase 62
4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 62
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 63
References 65
Contents vii
5 Radio Access Network Architecture 67
Fabio Longoni, Atte La¨nsisalmi and Antti Toskala
5.1 System Architecture 67
5.2 UTRANArchitecture 70
5.2.1 The Radio Network Controller 71
5.2.2 The Node B (Base Station) 72
5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 72
5.3.1 General 72
5.3.2 Horizontal Layers 72
5.3.3 Vertical Planes 73
5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 74
5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS 74
5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS 76
5.4.3 RANAP Protocol 77
5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol 78
5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area
Broadcast Protocol 79
5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 80
5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface)
and the RNSAP Signalling 80
5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signalling 83
5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 85
5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN 85
5.6.2 Iu Flex 85
5.6.3 Stand-Alone SMLC and Iupc Interface 86
5.6.4 Interworking Between GERAN and UTRAN,
and the Iur-g Interface 86
5.6.5 IP-Based RAN Architecture 86
5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution 87
5.7.1 Release 99 CN Elements 87
5.7.2 Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem 88
References 89
6 Physical Layer 91
Antti Toskala
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 92
6.2.1 Dedicated Transport Channel 93
6.2.2 Common Transport Channels 93
6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels 95
6.2.4 Frame Structure of Transport Channels 95
6.3 Spreading and Modulation 96
6.3.1 Scrambling 96
6.3.2 Channelisation Codes 96
viii Contents
6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation 98
6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation 103
6.3.5 Transmitter Characteristics 105
6.4 User Data Transmission 106
6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel 106
6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing 109
6.4.3 User Data Transmission with the Random Access Channel 111
6.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel 112
6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel 112
6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing 114
6.4.7 Downlink Shared Channel 116
6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission 116
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data 116
6.4.10 Coding for TFCI Information 118
6.5 Signalling 118
6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) 118
6.5.2 Synchronisation Channel (SCH) 119
6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH) 119
6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH) 120
6.5.5 Random Access Channel (RACH) for Signalling Transmission 121
6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) 122
6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) 122
6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 123
6.6.1 Fast Closed-Loop Power Control Procedure 123
6.6.2 Open-Loop Power Control 124
6.6.3 Paging Procedure 124
6.6.4 RACH Procedure 125
6.6.5 Cell Search Procedure 126
6.6.6 Transmit Diversity Procedure 127
6.6.7 Handover Measurements Procedure 128
6.6.8 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure 129
6.6.9 Other Measurements 131
6.6.10 Operation with Adaptive Antennas 132
6.6.11 Site Selection Diversity Transmission 133
6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 134
6.8 Conclusions 137
References 137
7 Radio Interface Protocols 139
Jukka Viale´n and Antti Toskala
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Protocol Architecture 140
7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 141
7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture 141
7.3.2 MAC Functions 142
7.3.3 Logical Channels 143
Contents ix
7.3.4 Mapping Between Logical Channels and
Transport Channels 144
7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer 144
7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 145
7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture 146
7.4.2 RLC Functions 147
7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer 148
7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150
7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture 150
7.5.2 PDCP Functions 150
7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 151
7.6.1 BMC Layer Architecture 151
7.6.2 BMC Functions 151
7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 152
7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 152
7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture 152
7.8.2 RRC Service States 153
7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signalling Procedures 157
7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 171
7.10 Improvements for Call Setup Time Reduction 172
References 173
8 Radio Network Planning 175
Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, Jaana Laiho,
Kari Sipila¨ and Achim Wacker
8.1 Introduction 175
8.2 Dimensioning 176
8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets 177
8.2.2 Load Factors 180
8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths 192
8.2.4 Capacity per km2 193
8.2.5 Soft Capacity 194
8.2.6 Network Sharing 197
8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimisation 198
8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction 198
8.3.2 Planning Tool 199
8.3.3 Case Study 200
8.3.4 Network Optimisation 204
8.4 GSM Co-planning 207
8.5 Inter-operator Interference 209
8.5.1 Introduction 209
8.5.2 Uplink versus Downlink Effects 210
8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference 211
8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference 213
8.5.5 Path Loss Measurements 213
8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference 215
x Contents
8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 216
8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM900 Band 217
8.7.1 3GPP Blocking Requirements 217
8.7.2 Uncoordinated GSM900þUMTS900 217
8.7.3 Coordinated GSM900þUMTS900 218
8.7.4 Remaining GSM900 Voice Capacity 220
References 221
9 Radio Resource Management 223
Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen,
Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho
9.1 Interference-Based Radio Resource Management 223
9.2 Power Control 224
9.2.1 Fast Power Control 224
9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control 231
9.3 Handovers 237
9.3.1 Intra-frequency Handovers 237
9.3.2 Inter-system Handovers between WCDMA and GSM 246
9.3.3 Inter-frequency Handovers within WCDMA 250
9.3.4 Summary of Handovers 251
9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 253
9.4.1 Uplink Load 253
9.4.2 Downlink Load 255
9.5 Admission Control 256
9.5.1 Admission Control Principle 256
9.5.2 Wideband Power-based Admission Control Strategy 257
9.5.3 Throughput-Based Admission Control Strategy 259
9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 259
References 260
10 Packet Scheduling 261
Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen
and Martin Kristensson
10.1 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 261
10.2 Round Trip Time 268
10.3 User-specific Packet Scheduling 270
10.3.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH) 271
10.3.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH) 272
10.3.3 Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) 274
10.3.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH) 274
10.3.5 Selection of Transport Channel 274
10.3.6 Paging Channel States 278
10.4 Cell-specific Packet Scheduling 278
10.4.1 Priorities 280
Contents xi
10.4.2 Scheduling Algorithms 281
10.4.3 Packet Scheduler in Soft Handover 281
10.5 Packet Data System Performance 283
10.5.1 Link Level Performance 283
10.5.2 System Level Performance 284
10.6 Packet Data Application Performance 286
10.6.1 Introduction to Application Performance 287
10.6.2 Person-to-person Applications 288
10.6.3 Content-to-person Applications 292
10.6.4 Business Connectivity 294
10.6.5 Conclusions on Application Performance 297
References 298
11 Physical Layer Performance 299
Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen,
Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihria¨la¨ and Markku Juntti
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 Cell Coverage 299
11.2.1 Uplink Coverage 302
11.2.2 Downlink Coverage 311
11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 312
11.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes 312
11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity 317
11.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity 319
11.4 Capacity Trials 321
11.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials 321
11.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials 335
11.4.3 Summary 337
11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 339
11.5.1 E =N Performance 339
b 0
11.5.2 RF Noise Figure 342
11.6 Performance Enhancements 343
11.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions 343
11.6.2 Multiuser Detection 350
References 359
12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 363
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen,
Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen
12.1 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 363
12.2 HSDPAConcept 364
12.3 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 366
12.4 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 367
12.5 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 367