WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, Fifth Edition

616 Pages·2010·9.654 MB·English

WCDMA FOR UMTS
WCDMA for UMTS: H SPA E volution and LTE, Fifth Edition Edited by H arri Holma a nd Antti Toskala
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, L td. ISBN: 978-0-470-68646-1
WCDMA FOR UMTS
HSPA Evolution and LTE
Fifth Edition
Edited by
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
NokiaSiemensNetworks,Finland
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2010
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
WCDMAforUMTS:HSPAevolutionandLTE/editedbyHarriHolma,AnttiToskala.–
5thed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-68646-1 (cloth)
1. Codedivisionmultipleaccess.2. Wirelesscommunicationsystems–Standards.
3. Mobilecommunicationsystems–Standards.4. Globalsystemformobilecommunications.
I.Holma,Harri,1970-II.Toskala,Antti.
TK5103.452.W392010
621.3845–dc22 2010013154
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-0-470-68646-1 (H/B)
Typesetin9/11TimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India.
PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire.
Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Abbreviations xxi
1 Introduction 1
HarriHolmaandAnttiToskala
1.1 WCDMA EarlyPhase 1
1.2 HSPA Introductionand DataGrowth 2
1.3 HSPA DeploymentsGlobally 4
1.4 HSPA Evolution 5
1.5 HSPA NetworkProduct 6
1.6 HSPA FutureOutlook 7
References 8
2 UMTSServices 9
HarriHolma,MartinKristensson,JouniSalonen,AnttiToskalaandTommiUitto
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Voice 11
2.2.1 NarrowbandAMRandWidebandAMRVoiceServices 12
2.2.2 Circuit-SwitchedoverHSPA 14
2.2.3 Push-to-TalkoverCellular(PoC) 16
2.2.4 Voice-overIP 17
2.2.5 KeyPerformanceIndicatorsforVoice 17
2.3 Video Telephony 18
2.3.1 MultimediaArchitectureforCircuitSwitchedConnections 19
2.3.2 VideoCodec 20
2.4 Messaging 21
2.4.1 ShortMessagingService(SMS) 21
2.4.2 MultimediaMessagingService(MMS) 21
2.4.3 VoiceMailandAudioMessaging 22
2.4.4 InstantMessaging 22
2.5 MobileEmail 22
2.6 Browsing 23
2.7 Applicationand ContentDownloading 24
2.8 Streaming 26
2.9 Gaming 26
vi Contents
2.10 MobileBroadbandfor LaptopandNetbookConnectivity 27
2.10.1 End-to-EndSecurity 29
2.10.2 ImpactofLatencyonApplicationPerformance 29
2.11 Social Networking 30
2.12 MobileTV 31
2.13 Location-BasedServices 32
2.13.1 CellCoverage-BasedLocationCalculation 33
2.13.2 AssistedGPS(A-GPS) 33
2.14 Machine-to-MachineCommunications 34
2.15 Qualityof Service(QoS)Differentiation 35
2.16 MaximumAirInterfaceCapacity 40
2.17 Terminals 44
2.18 Tariff Schemes 45
References 45
3 IntroductiontoWCDMA 47
PeterMuszynskiandHarriHolma
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Summary of theMainParameters inWCDMA 47
3.3 Spreadingand Despreading 49
3.4 MultipathRadioChannelsandRakeReception 51
3.5 Power Control 55
3.6 Softerand SoftHandovers 57
References 59
4 BackgroundandStandardizationofWCDMA 61
AnttiToskala
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 BackgroundinEurope 61
4.2.1 WidebandCDMA 62
4.2.2 WidebandTDMA 63
4.2.3 WidebandTDMA/CDMA 63
4.2.4 OFDMA 64
4.2.5 ODMA 64
4.2.6 ETSISelection 64
4.3 BackgroundinJapan 64
4.4 BackgroundinKorea 65
4.5 BackgroundintheUnitedStates 65
4.5.1 W-CDMAN/A 65
4.5.2 UWC-136 66
4.5.3 cdma2000 66
4.5.4 TR46.1 66
4.5.5 WP-CDMA 66
4.6 Creationof3GPP 67
4.7 How Does3GPPOperate? 68
4.8 Creationof3GPP2 69
4.9 HarmonizationPhase 69
4.10 IMT-2000ProcessinITU 70
4.11 Beyond3GPPRelease99WCDMA 70
4.12 IndustryConvergencewithLTE and LTE-Advanced 72
References 73
Contents vii
5 RadioAccess NetworkArchitecture 75
FabioLongoni,AtteLa¨nsisalmiandAnttiToskala
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 UTRAN Architecture 78
5.2.1 TheRadioNetworkController(RNC) 79
5.2.2 TheNodeB(BaseStation) 80
5.3 General ProtocolModelfor UTRANTerrestrialInterfaces 80
5.3.1 General 80
5.3.2 HorizontalLayers 80
5.3.3 VerticalPlanes 80
5.4 Iu,theUTRAN–CNInterface 81
5.4.1 ProtocolStructureforIuCS 82
5.4.2 ProtocolStructureforIuPS 83
5.4.3 RANAPProtocol 84
5.4.4 IuUserPlaneProtocol 85
5.4.5 ProtocolStructureofIuBC,andtheServiceAreaBroadcastProtocol 86
5.5 UTRAN InternalInterfaces 87
5.5.1 RNC–RNCInterface(IurInterface)andtheRNSAPSignaling 87
5.5.2 RNC–NodeBInterfaceandtheNBAPSignaling 89
5.6 UTRAN Enhancementsand Evolution 91
5.6.1 IPTransportinUTRAN 91
5.6.2 IuFlex 92
5.6.3 Stand-AloneSMLCandIupcInterface 92
5.6.4 InterworkingbetweenGERANandUTRAN,andtheIur-gInterface 92
5.6.5 IP-BasedRANArchitecture 92
5.7 UMTSCN Architectureand Evolution 93
5.7.1 Release99CNElements 93
5.7.2 Release5CNandIPMultimediaSubsystem 94
References 95
6 Physical Layer 97
AnttiToskala
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 TransportChannelsand TheirMappingtothePhysicalChannels 98
6.2.1 DedicatedTransportChannel 99
6.2.2 CommonTransportChannels 99
6.2.3 MappingofTransportChannelsontothePhysicalChannels 101
6.2.4 FrameStructureofTransportChannels 102
6.3 Spreadingand Modulation 102
6.3.1 Scrambling 102
6.3.2 ChannelizationCodes 102
6.3.3 UplinkSpreadingandModulation 104
6.3.4 DownlinkSpreadingandModulation 107
6.3.5 TransmitterCharacteristics 110
6.4 User DataTransmission 110
6.4.1 UplinkDedicatedChannel 111
6.4.2 UplinkMultiplexing 113
6.4.3 UserDataTransmissionwiththeRandomAccessChannel 115
6.4.4 UplinkCommonPacketChannel 115
6.4.5 DownlinkDedicatedChannel 116
6.4.6 DownlinkMultiplexing 117
viii Contents
6.4.7 DownlinkSharedChannel 119
6.4.8 ForwardAccessChannelforUserDataTransmission 119
6.4.9 ChannelCodingforUserData 120
6.4.10 CodingforTFCIInformation 121
6.5 Signaling 121
6.5.1 CommonPilotChannel(CPICH) 121
6.5.2 SynchronizationChannel(SCH) 122
6.5.3 PrimaryCommonControlPhysicalChannel(PrimaryCCPCH) 122
6.5.4 SecondaryCommonControlPhysicalChannel(SecondaryCCPCH) 123
6.5.5 RandomAccessChannel(RACH)forSignalingTransmission 124
6.5.6 AcquisitionIndicatorChannel(AICH) 124
6.5.7 PagingIndicatorChannel(PICH) 125
6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 126
6.6.1 FastClosed-LoopPowerControlProcedure 126
6.6.2 Open-LoopPowerControl 126
6.6.3 PagingProcedure 127
6.6.4 RACHProcedure 127
6.6.5 CellSearchProcedure 128
6.6.6 TransmitDiversityProcedure 129
6.6.7 HandoverMeasurementsProcedure 130
6.6.8 CompressedModeMeasurementProcedure 132
6.6.9 OtherMeasurements 133
6.6.10 OperationwithAdaptiveAntennas 134
6.6.11 SiteSelectionDiversityTransmission 135
6.7 Terminal RadioAccess Capabilities 136
6.8 Conclusion 138
References 139
7 RadioInterface Protocols 141
JukkaViale´nandAnttiToskala
7.1 Introduction 141
7.2 ProtocolArchitecture 142
7.3 The MediumAccess ControlProtocol 143
7.3.1 MACLayerArchitecture 143
7.3.2 MACFunctions 144
7.3.3 LogicalChannels 145
7.3.4 MappingbetweenLogicalChannelsandTransportChannels 145
7.3.5 ExampleDataFlowThroughtheMACLayer 146
7.4 The RadioLinkControlProtocol 147
7.4.1 RLCLayerArchitecture 147
7.4.2 RLCFunctions 148
7.4.3 ExampleDataFlowThroughtheRLCLayer 149
7.5 The Packet DataConvergenceProtocol 150
7.5.1 PDCPLayerArchitecture 150
7.5.2 PDCPFunctions 151
7.6 The Broadcast/MulticastControlProtocol 151
7.6.1 BMCLayerArchitecture 152
7.6.2 BMCFunctions 152
7.7 MultimediaBroadcastMulticastService 152
7.8 The RadioResourceControlProtocol 153
Contents ix
7.8.1 RRCLayerLogicalArchitecture 153
7.8.2 RRCServiceStates 154
7.8.3 RRCFunctionsandSignalingProcedures 157
7.9 Early UEHandlingPrinciples 170
7.10 ImprovementsforCallSet-upTimeReduction 170
References 171
8 RadioNetworkPlanning 173
HarriHolma,Zhi-ChunHonkasalo,SeppoHa¨ma¨la¨inen,JaanaLaiho,
KariSipila¨ andAchimWacker
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Dimensioning 174
8.2.1 RadioLinkBudgets 175
8.2.2 LoadFactors 178
8.2.3 CapacityUpgradePaths 188
8.2.4 Capacityperkm2 189
8.2.5 SoftCapacity 190
8.2.6 NetworkSharing 193
8.3 Capacity andCoveragePlanningandOptimization 194
8.3.1 IterativeCapacityandCoveragePrediction 194
8.3.2 PlanningTool 194
8.3.3 CaseStudy 197
8.3.4 NetworkOptimization 199
8.4 GSM Co-planning 202
8.5 Inter-OperatorInterference 204
8.5.1 Introduction 204
8.5.2 UplinkVersusDownlinkEffects 206
8.5.3 LocalDownlinkInterference 206
8.5.4 AverageDownlinkInterference 207
8.5.5 PathLossMeasurements 209
8.5.6 SolutionstoAvoidAdjacentChannelInterference 209
8.6 WCDMA FrequencyVariants 210
8.7 UMTSRefarmingtoGSM Band 211
8.7.1 CoverageofUMTS900 212
8.8 Interferencebetween GSMand UMTS 214
8.9 RemainingGSM VoiceCapacity 215
8.10 Shared SiteSolutionswithGSMand UMTS 216
8.11 Interworkingof UMTS900andUMTS2100 217
References 218
9 RadioResource Management 219
HarriHolma,KlausPedersen,JussiReunanen,
JanneLaaksoandOscarSalonaho
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 Power Control 220
9.2.1 FastPowerControl 220
9.2.2 OuterLoopPowerControl 226
9.3 Handovers 232
9.3.1 Intra-FrequencyHandovers 232
9.3.2 Inter-SystemHandoversbetweenWCDMAandGSM 241
x Contents
9.3.3 Inter-FrequencyHandoverswithinWCDMA 244
9.3.4 SummaryofHandovers 245
9.4 Measurement ofAirInterfaceLoad 246
9.4.1 UplinkLoad 246
9.4.2 DownlinkLoad 249
9.5 AdmissionControl 250
9.5.1 AdmissionControlPrinciple 250
9.5.2 WidebandPower-BasedAdmissionControlStrategy 250
9.5.3 Throughput-BasedAdmissionControlStrategy 252
9.6 Load Control(CongestionControl) 252
References 253
10 Packet Scheduling 255
JeroenWigard,HarriHolma,RenaudCuny,NinaMadsen,FrankFrederiksen
andMartinKristensson
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP) 255
10.3 RoundTripTime 261
10.4 User-Specific Packet Scheduling 264
10.4.1 CommonChannels(RACH/FACH) 264
10.4.2 DedicatedChannel(DCH) 265
10.4.3 DownlinkSharedChannel(DSCH) 267
10.4.4 UplinkCommonPacketChannel(CPCH) 267
10.4.5 SelectionofTransportChannel 268
10.4.6 PagingChannelStates 270
10.5 Cell-SpecificPacket Scheduling 272
10.5.1 Priorities 274
10.5.2 SchedulingAlgorithms 274
10.5.3 PacketSchedulerinSoftHandover 275
10.6 Packet DataSystemPerformance 275
10.6.1 LinkLevelPerformance 275
10.6.2 SystemLevelPerformance 277
10.7 Packet DataApplicationPerformance 280
10.7.1 IntroductiontoApplicationPerformance 280
10.7.2 Person-to-PersonApplications 281
10.7.3 Content-to-PersonApplications 284
10.7.4 BusinessConnectivity 287
10.7.5 ConclusionsonApplicationPerformance 289
References 291
11 Physical LayerPerformance 293
HarriHolma,JussiReunanen,LeoChan,PrebenMogensen,KlausPedersen,
KariHorneman,JaakkoVihria¨la¨ andMarkkuJuntti
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 CellCoverage 293
11.2.1 UplinkCoverage 295
11.2.2 DownlinkCoverage 304
11.3 DownlinkCellCapacity 304
11.3.1 DownlinkOrthogonalCodes 305
Contents xi
11.3.2 DownlinkTransmitDiversity 310
11.3.3 DownlinkVoiceCapacity 312
11.4 Capacity Trials 313
11.4.1 SingleCellCapacityTrials 313
11.4.2 MulticellCapacityTrials 327
11.4.3 Summary 328
11.5 3GPPPerformanceRequirements 330
11.5.1 E /N Performance 330
b 0
11.5.2 RFNoiseFigure 333
11.6 Performance Enhancements 334
11.6.1 SmartAntennaSolutions 334
11.6.2 MultiuserDetection 340
References 349
12 High-Speed DownlinkPacket Access 353
AnttiToskala,HarriHolma,TroelsKolding,PrebenMogensen,KlausPedersen
andJussiReunanen
12.1 Introduction 353
12.2 Release 99WCDMADownlinkPacket DataCapabilities 353
12.3 The HSDPA Concept 354
12.4 HSDPA Impact onRadioAccess NetworkArchitecture 356
12.5 Release 4 HSDPAFeasibilityStudyPhase 357
12.6 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 357
12.6.1 High-SpeedDownlinkSharedChannel(HS-DSCH) 357
12.6.2 High-SpeedSharedControlChannel(HS-SCCH) 361
12.6.3 UplinkHigh-SpeedDedicatedPhysicalControlChannel(HS-DPCCH) 362
12.6.4 HSDPAPhysicalLayerOperationProcedure 363
12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capabilityand AchievableDataRates 365
12.8 MobilitywithHSDPA 366
12.8.1 MeasurementEventforBestServingHS-DSCHCell 367
12.8.2 Intra-NodeBHS-DSCHtoHS-DSCHHandover 367
12.8.3 Inter-Node–NodeBHS-DSCHtoHS-DSCHHandover 368
12.8.4 HS-DSCHtoDCHHandover 369
12.9 HSDPA Performance 370
12.9.1 FactorsGoverningPerformance 371
12.9.2 SpectralEfficiency,CodeEfficiencyandDynamicRange 371
12.9.3 UserScheduling,CellThroughputandCoverage 374
12.9.4 HSDPANetworkPerformancewithMixedNon-HSDPAandHSDPATerminals 378
12.10 HSPA Link Budget 380
12.11 HSDPA IubDimensioning 382
12.12 HSPA RoundTripTime 384
12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects 384
12.14 EvolutioninRelease6 386
12.15 Conclusion 388
References 388
13 High-Speed UplinkPacket Access 391
AnttiToskala,HarriHolmaandKarriRanta-aho
13.1 Introduction 391
13.2 Release 99WCDMADownlinkPacket DataCapabilities 391