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WAVES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM DAVID C. RAPOPORT WAVES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM From 1879 to the Present Columbia University Press / New York Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup . columbia. e du Copyright © 2022 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Rapoport, David C., author. Title: Waves of global terrorism : from 1879 to the present / David C. Rapoport. Description: New York : Columbia University Press, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021046718 (print) | LCCN 2021046719 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231133029 (hardback ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9780231133036 (paperback ; alk. paper) | ISBN 9780231507844 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Terrorism—H istory. Classification: LCC HV6431 .R367 2022 (print) | LCC HV6431 (ebook) | DDC 363.325—d c23 LC record available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2021046718 LC ebook record available at https:// lccn . loc . gov /2 021046719 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid- free paper. Printed in the United States of America Cover design: Avivah Rapoport Cover images: Shutterstock and VectorStock This book is dedicated to my lovely wife, Barbara, whose intense commitment made it possible. CONTENTS Introduction 1 1 Terrorism Before the Global Form: From the First Century to the Twentieth 13 2 The First Wave: Anarchist, 1879– 1920s 65 3 The Second Wave: Anticolonial, 1919–1 960s 111 4 The Third Wave: New Left, 1960s– 1990s 151 5 The Fourth Wave: Religious, 1979– 2020s? 197 Conclusion: The Fifth Wave? 269 Notes 307 Index 397 INTRODUCTION Shirked by our historians, the subject has been repressed in the national consciousness. We have been victims of what members of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence have called a “historical amnesia”!. . . For the long span from about 1938 to the mid- 1960s . . . the internal life of the country was unusually free of violent episodes. Americans who came of age during and after the 1930s found it easy to forget how violent a people their forebears had been. — RICHARD HOFSTADTER, “REFLECTIONS ON VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES” U nlike crime, terrorism is not a permanent feature of our societ- ies. Intermittent political events inspire terrorist activity. Global terrorism emerged in the 1880s, but terrorism with a more limited geographic base had been a significant feature of political life long before. It was largely confined to individual states, and terrorist groups in one state made no effort to cooperate with terrorist groups in other states. Ear- lier terrorist groups often survived much longer than their more recent