Wave-Forced Sediment Erosion and Resuspension in the Yellow River Delta

303 Pages·2020·14.807 MB·English

by  Yonggang Jia, Xiaolei Liu, Shaotong Zhang, Hongxian Shan, Jiewen Zheng

Springer Oceanography
Yonggang Jia
Xiaolei Liu
Shaotong Zhang
Hongxian Shan
Jiewen Zheng
Wave-Forced
Sediment Erosion
and Resuspension
in the Yellow River
Delta
Springer Oceanography
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Yonggang Jia Xiaolei Liu
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Shaotong Zhang Hongxian Shan
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Jiewen Zheng
Wave-Forced Sediment
Erosion and Resuspension
in the Yellow River Delta
123
YonggangJia Xiaolei Liu
Shandong Provincial KeyLaboratory Shandong Provincial KeyLaboratory
of Marine EnvironmentandGeological of Marine EnvironmentandGeological
Engineering, Collegeof Environmental Engineering, Collegeof Environmental
Science andEngineering Science andEngineering
Ocean University of China Ocean University of China
Qingdao,Shandong,China Qingdao,Shandong,China
ShaotongZhang Hongxian Shan
Collegeof Marine Geosciences Shandong Provincial KeyLaboratory
Ocean University of China of Marine EnvironmentandGeological
Qingdao,Shandong,China Engineering, Collegeof Environmental
Science andEngineering
Jiewen Zheng Ocean University of China
Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Qingdao,Shandong,China
Science andTechnology(Qingdao)
Qingdao,Shandong,China
ISSN 2365-7677 ISSN 2365-7685 (electronic)
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Preface
Sediment erosion and resuspension is a process in which soil particles on the
surfaceoftheseabedareactivatedbyhydrodynamicforceandeventuallyenterthe
overlying water body. It is the root cause of beach evolution as well as channel
erosion and siltation, an important cause of instability of offshore engineering
structures, and an important path of releasing and transporting seabed buried pol-
lutantstothewaterbody.Accuratepredictionofsedimenterosionandresuspension
process has been a challenge for coastal engineers and scholars.
The traditional view is that sediment erosion and resuspension is induced by
wave-current combined shear stress, and the quantitative evaluation method is
mainly based on the balance between erosion force and erosion resistance.
However,inawave-dominanthydrodynamicenvironment,thefine-grainedseabed
ispronetoaccumulationofporewaterpressureandevenseabedliquefactionunder
the action of wave loading. Such characteristic of wave–seabed interaction causes
constantchangesinthecomposition,structure,physical,andmechanicalproperties
of the seabed sediments, and thus further affects the erosion and resuspension
processofsediments.Duetothecomplexityoftheprocessandtheinterdisciplinary
nature of the problem, there is not only a lack of systematic understanding of the
physical mechanism but also a lack of a highly universal computational model for
quantitativepredictionofthesedimenterosionandresuspensionundersuchwave–
seabed interaction, which seriously constrains the development of offshore engi-
neering calculations and numerical simulations.
In this monograph, the Yellow River Delta was selected as the research area.
Withthefundingofmultipleprojects,wecombinedinsitulong-termobservations,
fieldinvestigations,laboratory simulation experiments, andtheoretical calculations
to systematically study the physical mechanism by which wave-induced liquefac-
tionoffine-grainedseabedaffectssedimenterosionandresuspension.Basedonthe
understanding of the mechanism, we modified the traditional shear erosion model
and proposed a calculation model of liquefaction erosion. Finally, we verified the
v
vi Preface
applicability of the model by comparison with measured data and used the new
modeltocalculateandpredictthesedimenterosionandresuspension,sourceratios,
and their influence on long-term beach evolution in the Chengdao sea area of the
Yellow River Delta under different sea conditions. The research results of this
monograph are of great scientific values to understanding the dynamic changes
ofthefine-grained seabed sedimentsinresponsetowaves,analysisand evaluation
of the engineering geological environment conditions of the seabed, prediction,
prevention, and control of geological disasters in the estuary delta, and under-
standingtheresuspension,long-distancetransport,andfateofsedimentsfromrivers
into the sea.
This monograph consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 mainly introduces the
research progress in related fields. Chapter 2 mainly introduces the engineering
geological environment and sediment properties of the Yellow River Delta as a
representativeresearcharea,includingtheformationandevolution,topographyand
geomorphology, and marine dynamic environment of the modern Yellow River
Delta,andthesedimenttypes,distribution,geologicalstrata,grainsizecomposition
characteristics, mineral composition characteristics, microstructure characteristics,
and physical and mechanical properties. Chapter 3 introduces the current erosion
status in the Yellow River Delta, including the current status of erosion in the
intertidal zone and on the underwater delta. Chapter 4 introduces the erodibility
characteristicofseabedsedimentsinthetypicalstudyareaofdeltalobesformedin
different sedimentary ages in the Yellow River Delta. Chapter 5 introduces the
occurrence process ofsedimentresuspension inthe Yellow River Delta. Chapter 6
introducesthewave-inducedporepressureresponseinrelationtosedimenterosion
and resuspension in the Yellow River Delta. Chapter 7 introduces the physical
mechanismsofsedimenterosionandresuspensionintheYellowRiverDeltaunder
the action of waves. Chapter 8 introduces the theoretical prediction of
wave-induced sediment erosion and resuspension in the Yellow River Delta.
Thecontentscoveredinthisbookincludemajorresearchoutcomesofnumerous
research projects sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(40876042; 41072215; 41072316; 41402253; 41427803), Qingdao National
Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM2016ORP0110). Several
postgraduate students from the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine
Environmental and Geological Engineering participated in relevant research work,
includingXiangmeiMeng,ZhongnianYang,LeiGuo,LipingZhang,ChaoqiZhu,
Mingzheng Wen, Hong Zhang, etc. The editors in charge of this book Dan Li and
XiaofeiLialsocontributedgreateffortforthesmoothpublicationofthisbook.Iam
grateful to Prof. Dong-Sheng Jeng (School of Engineering, Griffith University,
Australia) for his kind support and help during the completion of the monograph.
We hereby express our sincere gratitude to them.
The study on wave-induced sediment erosion and resuspension on fine-grained
seabed represented by the Yellow River Delta is the intersection of estuarine sed-
iment dynamics, marine soil mechanics, and marine geology. Although we have
Preface vii
triedhardtodosometentativeresearch,aslimitedbytheauthors’academicrealm,
levelofknowledge,andthecomplexityoftheacademicproblemsstudied,thereare
inevitablysome inadequacies inthebook. Wesincerelyrequestreaders tocriticize
and correct.
Qingdao, China Yonggang Jia
January 2019
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Sediment Dynamics in the World’s Major Estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Sediment Erosion and Resuspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Research Advance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Research Advance on Sediment Erosion and
Resuspension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2 Research Advance on Wave-Induced Seabed Response . . . 9
1.3.3 Research Advance of Sediment E&R Considering
Wave-Seabed Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.4 Research Advance of Sediment E&R in the Modern
Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 Outline of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Geo-Marine Environment and Sediment Properties
of the Modern Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Formation and Evolution of the Modern Yellow River Delta . . . . 26
2.2.1 Geographical Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 Historical Sediment Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.3 Channel Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.4 Coastline Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Topography and Geomorphology of the Modern Yellow
River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.1 Topography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.2 Geomorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Marine Dynamics in the Modern Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.1 Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.2 Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4.3 Tide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
ix
x Contents
2.4.4 Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.5 Storm Surge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5 Seabed Sediment Properties of the Modern Yellow
River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.1 Sediment Types and Distribution in the Modern
Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.5.2 Geological Strata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5.3 Sediment Grain Size and Mineral Composition . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5.4 Sediment Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5.5 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sediment . . . . . . . . 56
2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3 Erosion Survey of the Modern Yellow River Delta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 Erosion Survey of a Typical Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.3 Analysis of Coastal Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3 Erosion Survey of the Subaqueous Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3.2 Historical Erosion and Deposition Evolution of the
Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.3.3 Impact of Storm Surge on Subaqueous Delta Erosion . . . . 87
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4 Erodibility of Seabed Sediments in the Modern
Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.2 Flume Measurements of Sediment Erodibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.2.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.3 The Spatial Difference of Sediment Erodibility . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.4 The Effect of Sediment Physical-Mechanical
Properties on Erodibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.5 The Effect of Crab-Burrows on Erodibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3 CSM Measurements of Sediment Erodibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.1 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.3.3 Implications for Erosional Landforms of the Modern
Yellow River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115