watershed management extension and advisory services in adama district, east shoa zone, oromia ...

154 Pages·2017·1.82 MB·English

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES IN
ADAMA DISTRICT, EAST SHOA ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE,
ETHIOPIA

SAMSON ESHETU LEMMA

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA.

2016
ii

ABSTRACT

The agricultural extension and advisory system in Ethiopia is at a crossroads towards
pluralistic agricultural extension and advisory services. The natural resource management
is the top agenda in the agricultural extension and advisory services of the country.
Although various watershed management activities have been implanting in order to
overcome the impact of floods, all efforts did not bring the desired results in terms of
reducing floods. One possible reason could be the activities being done by respective
organizations might be without much coordination. The study used agricultural innovation
systems to analyzing the complex interplay between various actors in the context of
watershed management extension and advisory services. The overall objective of this
study was to explore the nature and process of the watershed management extension and
advisory services in overcoming the problem of floods. The study used a cross-sectional
research design and case study. Adulala watershed was selected for this study and 120
farmers, 22 VEWs and 19 SMSs were selected as respondents. Data were collected from
both primary and secondary sources using questionnaire, self-administered questionnaire
and checklist. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods were used to analyze the
data. Some of the key findings of the study include: majority of extension personnel
reported that they provided the required watershed management extension and advisory
services for farmers. However, association members were able to receive better watershed
management services than non-members. Majority of farmers were satisfied with the types
of services provided by various stakeholders. However, coordination, collaboration and
linkage among key stakeholders were weak in the study area, which affects the nature and
process of watershed management extension and advisory services. Hence, for effective
delivery of integrated watershed management extension and advisory services, it is
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recommended to organize farmers into watershed management association; furthermore,
participatory and systematic planning, designing, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation is necessary for future sustenance to ensure high participation and create sense
of ownership. It is also recommended that the both federal Government and regional
Government should take the lead establishing watershed management stakeholders’
platform to ensure coordination and collaboration among actors.
iv

DECLARATION

I, SAMSON ESHETU LEMMA, do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of
Agriculture that the work presented here is my own original work done and that it has
neither been submitted, nor concurrently being submitted in any other Institution.

___________________________ __________________________
Samson Eshetu Lemma Date
(PhD Candidate)

The above declaration is confirmed by

___________________________ __________________________

Prof. A. Z. Mattee, SUA Date
(Supervisor)

___________________________ __________________________

Prof. Belay Kassa, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Date
(Supervisor)
v

COPYRIGHT

No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of
Agriculture in that behalf.
vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I am obliged to thank my Almighty God and Saint Virgin Mary for
helping me to reach the status where I am now. My highest appreciation and special
gratitude goes to the Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education (SAFE) for offering
me a scholarship. Special thanks are due to Dr Deola Naibakelao, Dr Jeff Mutimba and
Mr. Tesfaye Worku of SAFE.

I would like to express my sincere, deepest, and heartfelt gratitude to my supervisors Prof.
A. Z. Mattee, SUA and Prof. Belay Kassa, Ethiopia for their friendly, kind, and warm
relationship during my PhD studies. They both deserve appreciation and gratitude for their
invaluable and critical comments, tireless encouragement, and comprehensive inputs
towards the shaping up of this thesis. I am also grateful to all staff of the Department of
Agricultural Extension and Community Development, Sokoine University of Agriculture
who contributed to this thesis directly or indirectly through providing me with relevant
materials and moral support.

I am also grateful to staff of Adama District Bureau of Agriculture for their assistance
during data collection. Special thanks go to my field assistant Mr. Israel Asefa. Moreover,
I would like to thank all extension personnel (Department/team leaders, SMSs, and
VEWs) who participated in responding to the questionnaire. I am very grateful to all
farmers and my enumerators who participated in this study by providing relevant and
pertinent information.

Finally, very special thanks go to my beloved wife Yenenesh Tadesse, who supported and
encouraged me during my study. I appreciate her endurance, patience, and shouldering the
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household responsibility during my absence. Without her assistance and strong support, I
would have never reached this point. Finally my heartfelt gratitude also goes to my
beloved son Natnael and lovely daughter Feven who missed my love when I stayed in
Tanzania.
viii

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my father Eshetu Lemma and my mother Wude Cherenet who
laid the foundation for my education and my present status.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. ii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................... iv
COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. vi
DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... xv
LIST OF BOXES .................................................................................................................. xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES..................................................................................................... xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS........................................................xviii
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background Information ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem and Justification ....................................................................... 5
1.3 Objective of the Study ......................................................................................................... 8
1.3.1 General objective of the study ................................................................................... 8
1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study ................................................................................. 8
1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 9
1.6 Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................................... 11
1.7 Operational Definitions ..................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 17
2.0 LITRATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 17
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2.1 The Nature and Processes of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services ............... 17
2.2 Roles of Actors Involved in AEAS .................................................................................. 20
2.2.1 Public sector actors in AEAS .................................................................................. 21
2.2.2 Non-public sector actors in AEAS .......................................................................... 22
2.3 Factors Influencing Performance of Actors Involved in AEAS ..................................... 24
2.4 Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services in the Watershed and Flood
Management....................................................................................................................... 24
2.5 Methodological Review of Agricultural Innovation Systems and Watershed
Management Extension and Advisory Services .............................................................. 26
2.6 Enabling/Disabling Environment in the Watershed Management Extension and
Advisory Services .............................................................................................................. 28
2.7 Farmers’ Attitude and Innovation for Rural Development ............................................. 29
2.8 Overview of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Systems in Ethiopia ....... 32
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................... 36
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 36
3.1 Description of the Study Area .......................................................................................... 36
3.2 Research Design ................................................................................................................ 39
3.3 The Study Population and Sampling Frame .................................................................... 39
3.4 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size.............................................................................. 40
3.5 Instrumentation and Pre-testing the Instrument............................................................... 41
3.6 Data Collection Techniques .............................................................................................. 42
3.7 Data Analysis Methods ..................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................. 44
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................. 44
4.1 Characteristics of Extension Personnel and Farmers ...................................................... 44
4.1.1 Characteristics of extension personnel respondents .............................................. 44