Water Supply Systems: New Technologies PDF
Preview Water Supply Systems: New Technologies
NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Physical Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers D Behavioural and Social Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York H Cell Biology London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong I Global Environmental Change Barcelona Budapest PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag/Kluwer Academic Publishers 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. NATo-peo DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to about 50000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two ways: -via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. -via CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. 2. Environment - Vol. 15 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo Water Supply Systems New Technologies Edited by Cedo Maksimovi6 IRTCUW, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering P.O. Box 895 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia Francesco Calomino Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo Universita della Calabria 1-87040 Montalto Uffugo (Cs), Italy John Snoxell Wessex Water, Wessex House Passage street, B22 OJQ Bristol, UK Springer Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute "New Technologies for Large Water Supply Projects", held in Varna, Bulgaria, October 24 - November 4, 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Water supply systems: new technologies / edited by Cedo Maksimovic. Francesco Calomino. John Snoxell. p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Partnership sub-series 2. Environment; vol. 15) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Water-supply--Management--Technological innovations. I. Maksimovic. C. II. Calomino. Francesco. 1949- III. Snoxell. John. 1948- IV. Series. TD353.W39 1996 628.1--dc20 96-32374 CIP ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64739-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-61187-2 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-61187-2 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copy right Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 Typesetting: Camera-ready by authors/editors SPIN: 10470207 31/3137 -5 4 3 210 - Printed on acid-free paper New Technologies for Water Supply Systems Preface Technology now affects almost every aspect of Water Supply Management, Operation, Planning and Design; the speed of development means that assessing what is "new" is sometimes difficult. Old ideas can now be applied because of new technology; technology is now revealing problems that were unnoticed 10 years ago. Some emerging technologies promise much but are still underdeveloped for use in real world conditions, while we should always remember that "new" technology depends upon the state of development in respective countries, a point which is particularly relevant to the NATO Advanced Study Institute, for which this book has been produced. Thus our objective in producing the book has been to highlight, in a wide range of technical areas, where and how technology is being applied, what is "new" and what the limitations of these technologies are in the real world. We have also tried to provide an European and American perspective where possible to illustrate how problems are tackled in different cultural environments. It is probably true that "technology" is also somewhat dependent upon the political, economic and organisational climate in different countries and we have included a chapter covering these aspects. Water Demand in most countries has shown a steady, relentless increase in the past and this has put increasing pressure on water resources globally. Chapter I, Water Supply Systems on the Threshold of the 21st Century, looks at water demand and some new concepts in meeting these demands: separate systems for potable and agricultural use,differing qualities of water for differing uses, protecting water sources and transmission lines, and waste water reuse, a subject which is coming under increasing scrutiny. Increasingly, water is being moved over very long distances to balance areas of surplus and deficit, both in space and time, and Chapter n, Water Supply Conveyance and Control, looks at some examples of these systems and the associated problems. Firstly, traditional and new technologies in pipeline construction and structural requirements are considered and secondly two such systems, Brussels in Belgium, and Wessex in the UK, are looked at in detail to illustrate the kinds oftechnology now in use to monitor and control these large networks. VI Over recent years new technology has affected water treatment quite radically. Firstly, new analytical techniques have revealed many complex organic pollutants to be present in raw and treated water (some formed as by-products of treatment), and some are associated with diseases such as cancer. The response to this has been a tightening of standards for a wide range of such parameters and, in consequence, major investment in new and innovative water treatment technologies. Chapter III, New Technologies for Water Treatment, looks at these problems, providing an European and American perspective, and goes on to look in detail at the innovative approach adopted by Amsterdam Water Supply, in treating raw water derived from the river Rhine. An American view is provided which looks at technologies emerging in the United States, with particular reference to health effects, costs of different technologies, and research being conducted at Colorado' State University. Disinfection using chlorine has been used almost universally for decades but it is only in recent years that the presence of disinfection by-products, and their potential effects as carcinogens, has been recognised. This has led to new technologies for controlling and removing such complex chemicals, and research into alternatives. Chapter IV, Emerging Problems and Technologies in Water Treatment, looks at these technologies and also looks at new approaches to optimising older technologies for water clarification, coagulation and flocculation. There have been numerous advances in the management and operation of existing systems and chapter V, Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Existing Systems, looks at these technologies. Flow measurement, water balancing, network modelling, data logging, leak detection and pressure control have all seen major advances in the last decade along with new techniques for pipe rehabilitation. The current situation in the UK is examined in detail with some examples from around the world to provide a global perspective. Network Analysis, or computer modelling of supply systems, is an old technique which is' how finding new life because of advances in computer technology and' advances in data management. Chapter vi, The Application of Modelling in the Management of Water Supply Systems, looks at the numerical methods underlying this technique and a new approach to the computing aspects. It also looks at the way that network 'modelling is now being integrated with telemetry and GIS to provide a live, up-to-date, dynamic model of the network which can be used as a real operational management tool, as well as;in its more traditional role in planning and design. In' some special conditions, transient flows giving rise to water hammer can be very destructive if not controlled properly and Chapter VII, Transient Flows, looks at some of the technologies nOw being employed to examine and analyse these phenomena, including new numerical methods and computing techniques. VII Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are relatively new computer systems now extensively used in the management, operation and analysis of water supply networks. Chapter VIII, The Application of GIS and Remote Sensing, looks at the theoretical basis of such systems, and how they can be used for spatial analysis and as digital maps for the management of underground assets in a water company environment. The potential of remote sensing for data capture and leak detection is also covered. The social, economic and political factors affecting water supply systems vary enormously between countries and often have a profound effect on the management, operation and technological status of the network. Chapter IX, Institutional, Social and Economic Aspects, concludes the book by looking at some of these frameworks and the way in which such issues as charging, privatisation, levels of service, management structures and other issues are dealt with using some European examples. The scope of this book is very wide, and indicates that "new technology" now affects almost every aspect of water supply. From resource management, conveyance, treatment, hydroinformatics, pumping, to telemetry, data logging and GIS, the modem water supply network now encompasses technologies from every part ofthe spectrum. The challenge is to learn how to apply and manage these technologies and to spread this knowledge throughout the global world of water. This book 'and the ASI (Advanced Study Institute of the NATO Science series of Advanced Science institutes) from which it is derived, has made a contribution to this process and has helped in spreading this understanding of new technology between the participating nations. This is a reflection of NATO's objectives with the ASI programme - "to promote the dissemination of scientific knowledge, to impart experiences and foster professional contacts among scientists" -and it is to be hoped that this book will prove to be a worthy record of the ASI in Bulgaria 1994, and the hard work and commitment of all those who took part. Cedo Maksimovic Francesco CaIomino JohnSnoxeU April, 1996 Acknowledgements The Organizers wish to thank the following companies for their co-sponsorship of the NATO ASI in Bulgaria, 1994: • BERMAD Control Valves, ISRAEL • BIWA TER Industries, UK • DEGREMONT ITAUA, ITALY • l. T. T. Flygt, UK The Editors would also like to express their thanks and appreciation to the individual authors, chapter coordinators and all those who assisted in the preparation of this book. Special thanks to prof. Vujica Yevjevich for his invaluable suggestions in preparation and ASI organization and running. We are also indebted to prof. Paolo Veltri who helped us a lot in the final phase of preparation of the text for publishing. Finally, special thanks are due to Ms Zorica Todorovic, B.Sc. for her outstanding work and assistance in transforming the individual contributions into a consistent and high-quality volume. The Editors April,1996 List of Contributors A. Graveland Daniel L. 8rumagne Amsterdam Water Supply Compagnie Interconununale Voge1enzangseweg 21 Bruuxelloise des Eaux 2114 BA Vogelenzang Rue aux Laines 70, I ()()() Bruxelles THE NElHERLANDS BELGIUM Vladimir Havlik Francesco Calomino Czech Technical University of Prague Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo Thakurova 7, 16629 Prague 6 Universita della Calabria CZECH REPUBLIC 87040 Montalto Uffugo (Cs) ITALY Jan Peter van der Hoek Amsterdam Water Supply Tory L. Champlin Vogelenzangseweg 21 Department of Civil Engineering 2114 BA Vogelenzang Colorado State University THE NElHERLANDS Fort Collins, Colorado USA Peter David Hedges Department of Civil Engineering Thomas William Charnock Aston University, Aston Triangle Department of Civil Engineering Birmingham B4 7ET Aston University, Aston Triangle UK Birmingham B4 7ET UK Petr Ingeduld Czech Technical University of Prague LisaM. Dunn Thakurova 7, 16629 Prague 6 Department of Civil Engineering CZECH REPUBLIC Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Marko Ivetie Institute of Hydraulic Engineering JohnElgy Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering University of Belgrade Aston University, Aston Triangle P.O. Box 895, II 000 Belgrade Birmingham B4 7ET YUGOSLAVIA UK x Pavel Jirou§ek Thomas G. Sanders Charles University Department of Civil Engineering Prague Colorado State University CZECH REPUBLIC Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA Peter KaIinkov Higher Institute of Architecture John Snoxell and Civil Engineering, WESSEX WATER I Christo Smimenski, 1421 Sofia WESSEX House, Pas$8ge str. BULGARIA BS2 OJQ Bristol UK Jean Louis Monzo Higher Institute of Architecture Stanislav Vanecek and Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University of Prague I Christo Smimenski, 1421 Sofia Thakurova 7, 16629 p.rague 6 BULGARIA CZECH REPUBLIC tedo Maksimovic Adrian Verwey IRTCUW, Insitute of Hydraulic Engineering IHE, Delft Faculty of Civil Engineering P.O. Box 3015,2601 DA Delft University of Belgrade THE NETHERLANDS P.O. Box 895, II 000 Belgrade YUGOSLAVIA Paolo Veltri Dipartimento di Difesa del Suolo Mario J. N. Neves Universitil della Calabria Universidade do Porto 87040 Montalto Uffug~ (Cs) Rua Jer6nimo Mendon~ 65 ITALY 4200 Porto Codex PORTUGAL Radisav D. Vidic Department of Civil and Environmental Duian Obradovic Engineering WINS Ltd. University of Pittsburgh Tower House, Parkstone Road 949 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh PA 15261 Poole, Dorset BHI5 2DH USA UK Vujica Yevjevich Dusan Prodanovic Department of Civil Engineering IRTCUW, Insitute of Hydraulic Engineering Colorado State University Faculty of Civil Engineering Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 University of Belgrade USA YUGOSLAVIA EvienZeman Czech Technical University of Prague Thakurova 7, 16629 Prague 6 CZECH REPUBLIC
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