The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founded by Otto Hutzinger Editors-in-Chief: Damia` Barcelo´ Andrey G. Kostianoy l Volume 8 Advisory Board: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C Jones, Thomas Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes Polymers–OpportunitiesandRisksII: BiosensorsfortheEnvironmental Sustainability,ProductDesign MonitoringofAquaticSystems andProcessing BioanalyticalandChemicalMethods VolumeEditors:P.Eyerer,M.Weller, forEndocrineDisruptors andC.Hu¨bner VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´ Vol.12,2010 andP.-D.Hansen Vol.5/J,2009 Polymers–OpportunitiesandRisksI: GeneralandEnvironmentalAspects EnvironmentalConsequencesofWar VolumeEditor:P.Eyerer andAftermath Vol.11,2010 VolumeEditors:T.A.Kassim andD.Barcelo´ ChlorinatedParaffins Vol.3/U,2009 VolumeEditor:J.deBoer Vol.10,2010 TheBlackSeaEnvironment VolumeEditors:A.Kostianoy BiodegradationofAzoDyes andA.Kosarev VolumeEditor:H.AtacagErkurt Vol.5/Q,2008 Vol.9,2010 EmergingContaminantsfromIndustrial andMunicipalWaste WaterScarcityintheMediterranean: RemovalTechnologies PerspectivesUnderGlobalChange VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic VolumeEditors:S.Sabater Vol.5/S/2,2008 andD.Barcelo´ Vol.8,2010 FuelOxygenates VolumeEditor:D.Barcelo´ TheAralSeaEnvironment Vol.5/R,2007 VolumeEditors:A.G.Kostianoy andA.N.Kosarev TheRhine Vol.7,2010 VolumeEditor:T.P.Knepper Vol.5/L,2006 AlpineWaters VolumeEditor:U.Bundi PersistentOrganicPollutants Vol.6,2010 intheGreatLakes VolumeEditor:R.A.Hites TransformationProductsofSynthetic Vol.5/N,2006 ChemicalsintheEnvironment VolumeEditor:A.B.A.Boxall AntifoulingPaintBiocides Vol.2/P,2009 VolumeEditor:I.Konstantinou Vol.5/O,2006 ContaminatedSediments VolumeEditors:T.A.Kassim Estuaries andD.Barcelo´ VolumeEditor:P.J.Wangersky Vol.5/T,2009 Vol.5/H,2006 Water Scarcity in the Mediterranean Perspectives Under Global Change Volume Editors: Sergi Sabater (cid:1) Damia` Barcelo´ With contributions by J. Armengol (cid:1) D. Barcelo´ (cid:1) A.R. Blanch (cid:1) B. Bonet (cid:1) F. Brissaud (cid:1) J. Calbo´ (cid:1) F. Chenini (cid:1) J. Comas (cid:1) N. Corcoll (cid:1) C.N. Dahm (cid:1) M.L. de Alda (cid:1) A. Ginebreda (cid:1) P. Go´mez (cid:1) M. Gros (cid:1) H. Guasch (cid:1) R. Iba´n˜ez (cid:1) J. Jofre (cid:1) M. Leira (cid:1) F. Lucena (cid:1) R. Marce´ (cid:1) E. Mart´ı (cid:1) I. Ortiz (cid:1) M. Petrovic (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) M.Poch C.Postigo J.Radjenovic J.L.Riera S.Sabater (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) F. Sabater A. Serra K. Tockner A.M. Urtiaga Editors Prof.Dr.SergiSabater Prof.Dr.Damia`Barcelo´ InstituteofAquaticEcology DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry UniversityofGirona IDAEA-CSIC CampusMontilivi C/JordiGirona18–26 17071Girona,Spain 08034Barcelona,Spain and and CatalanInstituteforWater CatalanInstituteforWater Research(ICRA) Research(ICRA) H20Building H20Building ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe UniversityofGirona UniversityofGirona EmiliGrahit,101 EmiliGrahit,101 17003Girona,Spain 17003Girona,Spain [email protected] [email protected] TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry ISSN1867-979X e-ISSN1616-864X ISBN978-3-642-03970-6 e-ISBN978-3-642-03971-3 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-03971-3 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010926025 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:SPiPublisherServices Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) ThisvolumeisdedicatedtothememoryofProf.Franc¸oisBrissaud. . Editors-in-Chief Prof.Dr.Damia` Barcelo´ Prof.Dr.AndreyG.Kostianoy DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr. 08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia and [email protected] CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA) H20Building ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe UniversityofGirona EmiliGrahit,101 17003Girona,Spain [email protected] Advisory Board Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues UniversityofBordeaux,France Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu TheUniversityofHongKong,China Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom Prof.Dr.ThomasKnepper UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany Prof.Dr.AliceNewton UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA vii . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is included in Springer’s eBook packageEarthandEnvironmentalScience. Ifalibrarydoes notoptfor thewhole package,thebookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis. ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook ofEnvironmentalChemistry,weoffertheelectronicversionviaSpringerLinkfree ofcharge.Ifyoudonothaveaccess,youcanstillviewthetableofcontentsofeach volume and the abstract of each article on SpringerLink (www.springerlink.com/ content/110354/). Youwillfindinformationaboutthe –EditorialBoard –AimsandScope –InstructionsforAuthors –SampleContribution atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698). Allfiguressubmittedincolorarepublishedinfullcolorintheelectronicversionon SpringerLink. Aims and Scope Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate; anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo- ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in environmentalanalyticalchemistry. ix .