ebook img

Water quality standards for PFOA, A proposal in accordance with the methodology of the Water ... PDF

140 Pages·2017·2.3 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Water quality standards for PFOA, A proposal in accordance with the methodology of the Water ...

Water quality standards for PFOA A proposal in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 E.M.J. Verbruggen | P.N.H. Wassenaar | C.E. Smit Water quality standards for PFOA A proposal in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 E.M.J. Verbruggen | P.N.H. Wassenaar | C.E. Smit RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 Colophon © RIVM 2017 Parts of this publication may be reproduced, provided acknowledgement is given to: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, along with the title and year of publication. DOI 10.21945/RIVM-2017-0044 E.M.J. Verbruggen (author), RIVM P.N.H. Wassenaar (author), RIVM C.E. Smit (author), RIVM Contact: Els Smit Centrum voor Veiligheid van Stoffen en Producten [email protected] This investigation has been performed by order and for the account of Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, within the framework of 'Chemical water quality, standard setting and priority substances directive' This is a publication of: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment P.O. Box 1 | 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands www.rivm.nl/en PPaaggee 22 ooff 113377 RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 Synopsis Water quality standards for PFOA A proposal in accordance with the methodology of the Water Framework Directive RIVM proposes water quality standards for PFOA. This perfluoro compound has been used for the production of teflon and is found in many surface waters around the world. The quality standard for chronic exposure accounts for the accumulation of PFOA in fish. Using this information, RIVM calculated a safe concentration in water of 48 nanograms per liter, which is protective for lifetime consumption of fish by humans and wildlife. For this research an extensive overview was made of the scientific data on effects of PFOA on aquatic organisms and the accumulation in biota. Based on the oral risk limit for humans as derived recently by RIVM, a maximum allowable concentration in fish was calculated assuming a lifetime daily consumption. This biota standard is converted to an equivalent safe concentration in water using information on the uptake of PFOA from water by fish. Data on bioaccumulation are needed because the water quality standard for ecological effects on aquatic organisms is not sufficiently protective for food chain effects. PFOA has a relatively low toxicity for water organisms, but may pose a problem when entering the food chain via fish. The use of PFOA is restricted by European law, but it can still reach the environment from PFOA-containing products that were produced in the past. Because of its high persistence, emissions will lead to long term presence in the environment. An initial comparison with monitoring data indicates that the safe concentration derived in this research is not exceeded in Dutch surface waters. Keywords: PFOA; water quality standards; perfluoro compounds Page 3 of 137 RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 PPaaggee 44 ooff 113377 RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 Publiekssamenvatting Waterkwaliteitsnormen voor PFOA Een voorstel volgens de methodiek van de Kaderrichtlijn Water Het RIVM doet een voorstel voor waterkwaliteitsnormen voor PFOA. Deze perfluorverbinding is jarenlang gebruikt bij de productie van teflon en wordt overal ter wereld in het oppervlaktewater aangetroffen. De norm voor de langetermijn-blootstelling houdt rekening met de mate waarin PFOA zich ophoopt in vis. Met die informatie heeft het RIVM berekend dat een concentratie van 48 nanogram per liter veilig is als mensen, vogels en zoogdieren hun leven lang vis uit dat water zouden eten. Voor dit onderzoek is een uitgebreid overzicht gemaakt van wat er in de wetenschappelijke literatuur bekend is over de effecten van PFOA op waterorganismen en in welke mate ze deze stof opnemen. In eerder onderzoek heeft het RIVM bepaald hoeveel een mens van de stof zou mogen binnenkrijgen zonder daar schadelijke gevolgen van te ondervinden. Vervolgens is berekend wat er maximaal in vis zou mogen zitten als mensen elke dag gedurende hun hele leven vis zouden eten. Deze waarde in vis is vertaald naar een veilige concentratie in water. Dit is gedaan met behulp van gegevens over de mate waarin vissen PFOA opnemen vanuit het water. Deze werkwijze is gevolgd omdat de voedselketen onvoldoende wordt beschermd door de ecologische norm voor waterorganismen. PFOA is relatief weinig giftig voor waterorganismen zelf, maar kan een probleem vormen als de stof via vis in de voedselketen terechtkomt. Het gebruik van PFOA is in Europa inmiddels aan banden gelegd, maar kan nog wel vrijkomen uit producten waarin de stof in het verleden is verwerkt. Omdat PFOA nauwelijks afbreekt, zullen restanten nog lang in het milieu aanwezig blijven. Uit een eerste vergelijking met meetgegevens blijkt echter dat de veilige concentratie momenteel niet wordt overschreden in Nederlands oppervlaktewater. Kernwoorden: PFOA; waterkwaliteitsnormen; perfluorverbindingen Page 5 of 137 RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 PPaaggee 66 ooff 113377 RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 Contents 1 Introduction — 11 1.1 Context of the report — 11 1.2 Standards considered — 11 1.3 Methodology — 13 1.3.1 General remarks — 13 1.3.2 Derivation of the QS — 13 water, hh food 1.3.3 Derivation of the QS and QS — 15 fw, secpois sw, secpois 1.3.4 Derivation of the QS and MAC-QS for direct ecotoxicity — 20 eco eco 2 Information on the substance — 23 2.1 Identity and physico-chemical properties — 23 2.2 Behaviour in the environment — 24 2.2.1 General remarks — 24 2.2.2 Persistence and mobility — 25 2.2.3 Partitioning to sediment — 25 3 Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and food chain transfer — 27 3.1 General remarks — 27 3.2 Laboratory studies — 27 3.3 Field bioaccumulation data — 31 3.3.1 Overview of field bioaccumulation studies — 31 3.4 Mechanism of accumulation — 37 3.5 Selection of BAF values — 38 3.5.1 Slope determined on all data per taxonomic group — 38 3.5.2 Generic slope based on data for individual species 41 3.5.3 Comparison of both methods and choice for final method — 43 3.6 Trophic magnification in plankton, invertebrates and fish — 50 3.7 Biomagnification in the marine food chain — 51 3.8 Selection of biomagnification parameters — 56 4 Derivation of human-health based quality standards — 59 4.1 Human toxicological risk limit — 59 4.2 Quality standard for drinking water abstraction — 59 4.3 Quality standard for human fish consumption — 59 5 Derivation of quality standards for secondary poisoning — 61 5.1 Effects on birds and mammals — 61 5.2 Derivation of the QS — 63 biota, secpois 5.3 Derivation of the QS and QS — 64 fw, secpois sw, secpois 6 Derivation of quality standards for direct ecotoxicity — 65 6.1 Ecotoxicological effect data — 65 6.1.1 Laboratory toxicity data — 65 6.1.2 Microcosm studies — 68 6.2 Pooling of freshwater and marine effect data — 71 6.3 Derivation of the MAC-EQS — 72 eco 6.3.1 AF approach — 72 6.3.2 Species Sensitivity Distributions — 72 6.3.3 Conclusions on the MAC-EQS — 74 6.4 Derivation of the AA-QS — 74 eco Page 7 of 137 RIVM Letter report 2017-0044 7 Discussion and conclusions — 77 Acknowledgements — 79 References — 81 Annex 1. Summary of bioconcentration studies with fish and bivalves — 91 Annex 2. Summary of field bioaccumulation studies — 95 Annex 3. Detailed bird and mammal toxicity data — 122 Annex 4. Detailed aquatic ecotoxicity data — 127 PPaaggee 88 ooff 113377

Description:
Daily Intake (ADI, TDI), or Reference dose (RfD). To convert the TLhh to a QSbiota, hh food, the default assumption in the current WFD-guidance is that an average adult person weighing 70 kilogram consumes 115 gram fish per day. The contribution of fish consumption is set at 10% of the threshold li
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.