Water Quality Monitoring in a Pilot Marine Integrated Aquaculture System

134 Pages·2015·5.97 MB·English

by  Alex W. Kruglick

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USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations USF Graduate Theses and Dissertations
3-1-2012
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Alex W. Kruglick
University of South Florida, [email protected]
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Kruglick, Alex W., "Water Quality Monitoring in a Pilot Marine Integrated Aquaculture System" (2012). USF
Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
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Water Quality Monitoring in a Pilot Marine Integrated Aquaculture System

by

Alex Kruglick

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science in Environmental Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
College of Engineering
University of South Florida

Co-Major Professor: Maya Trotz, Ph.D.
Co-Major Professor: Sarina Ergas, Ph.D.
Kevan Main, Ph.D.

Date of Approval:
March 1, 2012

Keywords: Recirculating, Wetlands, Pompano, Sustainable, Food

Copyright © 2012, Alex Kruglick
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The 2010 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Sea
Grant Aquaculture Program provided funding for this project through a grant
(NOAA Award # NA10OAR4170079 and Florida SeaGrant Project #R/LR-A-48)
awarded to Mote Marine Laboratory for the project entitled, “Evaluating
Performance of Pilot and Commercial Wastewater Systems Associated with
Inland Production of High-Value Marine Fish”.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. iii!
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ v!
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... ix!
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1!
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 7!
Description of Solid Fish Feed Composition ............................................... 8!
Wastewater Treatment in Integrated Aquaculture Systems ....................... 9!
Nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorous) ..................................................... 11!
Ammonia Toxicity and Treatment Methods .............................................. 14!
Ammonification .............................................................................. 15!
Nitrification ..................................................................................... 15!
Denitrification ................................................................................. 16!
Ozonation ....................................................................................... 16!
Phosphorous Removal Biological Mechanisms ........................................ 17!
Heavy Metals and Trace Elements ........................................................... 17!
Suspended Solids Removal ..................................................................... 18!
Aquaculture Sludge Treatment ................................................................. 19!
Constructed Wetlands .............................................................................. 21!
Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) .............................. 22!
Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetlands (HFCWs) .......................... 22!

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................... 24!
Field Site Description ................................................................................ 24!
Fish Tanks ..................................................................................... 25!
Moving Bed Bioreactor (MBBR) ..................................................... 27!
Solids Tank .................................................................................... 28!
Plant Beds ...................................................................................... 29!
Geotubes ....................................................................................... 32
Bead Filter & Ozonation Unit ......................................................... 32
i
Materials and Equipment .......................................................................... 33!
Water Sampling ........................................................................................ 34!
Elemental Analysis ................................................................................... 37!

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................... 39!
System Dissolved Oxygen, pH, and Temperature ................................... 40!
COD, Nutrients (N,P), TSS, and VSS ....................................................... 43!
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) ..... 47!
Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, and Ammonia ...................................................... 50!
Total Phosphorous and Orthophosphate .................................................. 55!
Elemental Analyses .................................................................................. 59!
Water Quality Data Over the Course of 18 Hours .................................... 63!

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 66!
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................. 69!
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 72!
APPENDIX A: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES ...................................................... 79!

ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Major inorganic nitrogen species involved in aquaculture systems
with the oxidation state of N (OS) and examples of reactions. .......... 12!
Table 2: Equilibrium constants for redox 1/2 reactions of pertinent nitrogen
species. .............................................................................................. 13!
Table 3: Summary of pompano fish stock since start of system at MOTE
Aquaculture Research Park, FL. ........................................................ 26!
Table 4: Chemicals required to make stock and standard solutions at
listed concentrations. ......................................................................... 34!
Table 5: Summary of methods and preservation techniques used for
analysis of water samples. ................................................................. 36!
Table 6: Water quality analytical range, chloride interference, and dilution
factors. ............................................................................................... 37!
Table 7: Surface water quality data, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in mg/L, pH,
and Temperature (oC) collected with a Quanta Hydrolab probe. ....... 40!
Table 8: Summary of water quality data in mg/L for unfiltered (U) and
filtered (F) concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
Total Nitrogen (TN), Nitrate as Nitrogen (NO --N), Ammonia as
3
Nitrogen (NH -N), Total Phosphorous (TP), Orthophosphate
3
(OP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Volatile Suspended
Solids (VSS) ....................................................................................... 45!
Table 9: Elemental water quality results for Ca, Mg, Sr, K, Li, B, Mn, Ni,
Se, Hg, Mo, Fe, B sampled on 5/17/11; 6/24/11; and 9/7/11. ............ 59
Table A: 5/17/11 Raw data. ................................................................................. 83
Table B: 6/23/11 Raw data. ................................................................................. 88
Table C: 9/7/11 Raw data. ................................................................................... 91
iii
Table D: 10/12/11 Raw data. ............................................................................... 97
Table E: 12/3/11 Raw data. ............................................................................... 103
Table F: 1/14/12 Raw data. ............................................................................... 108
Table G: 2/1/12 18 Hour sampling raw data. ..................................................... 114

iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Global fish production and human growth. ............................................. 2!
Figure 2: A systems level look at an Integrated Aquaculture System ................... 4!
Figure 3: Key nitrogen transformations in an IAS as well as the major
inputs to and outputs from the system. .............................................. 13!
Figure 4: pE-pH diagram for nitrogen showing equilibrium between NO -,
3
NO -, NH +, and NH .. ....................................................................... 14!
2 4 3
Figure 5: Representation of water flow through the marine Integrate
Aquaculture system at Mote Aquaculture Research Park in
Sarasota Florida. ................................................................................ 25!
Figure 6: Fish tanks used to grow pompano at Mote Aquaculture
Research Park, FL. ............................................................................ 26!
Figure 7: Grams of fish feed added to entire pompano system at Mote
Aquaculture Research Park as a function of time since the
system started. ................................................................................... 27!
Figure 8: Salinity (ppt) data measured at SBe, NBe, and fish tanks A-1
over project duration. ......................................................................... 27!
Figure 9: Drum filter, Moving Bed Bio-Reactor (MBBR) and ultraviolet (UV)
disinfection. ........................................................................................ 28!
Figure 10: Solids collection tank which accumulates waste from the drum
filter effluent. ...................................................................................... 29!
Figure 11: South plant bed (left) and north plant bed (right). .............................. 30!
Figure 12: Photograph of the sand filter that feeds the north plant bed. ............. 31!
Figure 13: Sample collection point from the north plant bed. .............................. 31!
v
Figure 14: Image of the geotube (taken December, 2010). ................................ 33!
Figure 15: Dissolved oxygen concentration measurement taken each
sampling day over project duration. ................................................... 42!
Figure 16: System pH measurement taken each sampling day over project
duration. ............................................................................................. 42!
Figure 17: System temperature measurement taken each sampling day
over project duration. ......................................................................... 42!
Figure 18: Average values of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in mg/L on 5/17/11,
9/7/11, 10/15/11, 12/3/11, and 1/14/12. ............................................. 43!
Figure 19: Unfiltered COD (UCOD) in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe
during each sampling date over project duration. .............................. 46!
Figure 20: Filtered COD (FCOD) in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe
during each sampling date over project duration. .............................. 46!
Figure 21: Average values of unfiltered Chemical Oxygen Demand
(UCOD), Filtered Chemical Oxygen Demand (FCOD) in mg/L
and the ratio of FCOD/UCOD from 5/17/11 to 1/14/12 for 5
sampling times. .................................................................................. 47!
Figure 22: TSS in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe during each
sampling date over project duration. .................................................. 47!
Figure 23: VSS in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe during each
sampling date over project duration. .................................................. 48!
Figure 24: Ratio of VSS to TSS from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe during
each sampling date over project duration. ......................................... 48!
Figure 25: Average Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Volatile
Suspended Solids (VSS) in mg/L shown on system diagram. ........... 49!
Figure 26: Unfiltered Total Nitrogen (TN) in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and
SBe at each sampling date over project duration. ............................. 54!
Figure 27: Filtered Total Nitrogen (TN) in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and
SBe at each sampling date over project duration. ............................. 54!
vi
Figure 28: Filtered nitrate in mg/L as NO --N from STe, SFe, NBe, and
3
SBe at each sampling date over project duration. ............................. 54!
Figure 29: Filtered ammonia in mg /L as NH -N from STe, SFe, NBe, and
3
SBe at each sampling date over project duration. ............................. 54!
Figure 30: Average filtered ammonia (NH ) in mg /L as NH -N, filtered
3 3
nitrate (NO -)in mg/L as NO --N, filtered total nitrogen (TN) in
3 3
mg/L and unfiltered total nitrogen in mg/L shown on a system
level diagram. ..................................................................................... 55!
Figure 31: Unfiltered TP in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe at each
sampling date over project duration. .................................................. 57!
Figure 32: Filtered TP in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe at each
sampling date over project duration. .................................................. 57!
Figure 33: Filtered ortho-phosphate as P in mg/L from STe, SFe, NBe,
and SBe at each sampling date over project duration. ...................... 57!
Figure 34: Unfiltered total phosphorus (UTP) as mg/L P, filtered total
phosphorous (FTP) as mg/L P, and filtered reactive
phosphorous or ortho-phosphate (FOP) as mg/L PO 3--P
4
shown on system diagram from 5/17/11 to 1/14/12 for 5
sampling times. .................................................................................. 58!
Figure 35: Filtered total potassium (K) in ppm or mg/L lithium (Li) in ppb or
µg/L shown on system diagram as average values from
5/17/11, 6/24/11 and 9/7/11 sampling times. ..................................... 60!
Figure 36: Filtered total calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and strontium (Sr)
in ppm or mg/L shown on system diagram as average values
from 5/17/11, 6/24/11 and 9/7/11 sampling times. ............................. 61!
Figure 37: Filtered total manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), iron
(Fe), and boron (B) ppb or µg/L shown on system diagram as
average values from 5/17/11, 6/24/11 and 9/7/11 sampling
times. ................................................................................................. 62!
Figure 38: Unfiltered COD from STe, SFe, NBe, and SBe over the course
of 18 hours on 2/1/12. ........................................................................ 64!
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