Water Quality Measurements Series: Quality Assurance for Water Analysis

259 Pages·2002·12.902 MB·English

Quality Assurance for
Water Analysis
Water Quality Measurements Series
Series Editor
Philippe Quevauviller
European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
Quality Assurance for
Water Analysis
PHILIPPE QUEVAUVILLER
European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
0
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Libnuy of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Daul
Quevauviller, Ph.
Quality assurance for water analysisPhilippe Quevauvilbr.
p.cm. - (Water quality measurements series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-47 1-89962-3
I. Water quality-Measurements 2. Quality assurance. 1. Title IJ. Series.
TD367.Q48 2002
628.1’61 -dc21 2001 058 145
British Umry Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0471 89962 3
Typeset in IW12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India.
This is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at
book
least two are planted for each one used for paper production.
trees
Printed and bound by Antony Rowe Ltd. Eastbourne
Contents
Series Preface vii
Preface ix
1 The Framework of Water Analysis 1
I. I Introduction 1
1.2 Purpose of Analysis 2
1.3 Types Of Waters Currently Analyzed 7
1.4 Chemical Parameters 8
1.5 Microbiological Parameters 15
References 19
-
2 General Concepts of QNQC Definitions 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Definitions 27
References 45
3 Sampling and Sample Handling 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Sampling Strategy 49
3.3 Sample Pre-Treatment 61
3.4 Sample Handling, Preservation and Storage 62
References 71
4 Current Methods of Analysis 73
4.1 Selection of Analytical Methods 73
4.2 Measurements and Production of Analytical Data 83
4.3 Types of Analytical Methods 88
References 96
5 Analytical Quality Control 99
5.1 Principles 99
5.2 Different Types of Validation 101
vi Contents
5.3 Critical Steps of Water Analyses 1 07
Stepwise Evaluation of Methods 110
5.4
5.5 Verification of Trueness 114
5.6 Verification of Reproducibility 117
References 123
6 Reference Materials 125
6.1 Introduction 126
6.2 Pure Solutions I 40
6.3 Freshwater 151
6.4 Rain-water 156
6.5 Groundwater 159
6.6 Estuarine Water 164
6.7 Sea-water 1 65
6.8 Waste-water 170
References 173
7 Reporting of Measurement Data 177
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Management Documentation 177
7.3 Treatment of Analysis Results 179
7.4 Reporting Analytical Results 189
References 191
8 Participation in Interiaboratory 193
Studies
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 The Different Types of Interlaboratory Studies 194
8.3 Organization 195
8.4 Evaluation of the Results 198
8.5 Examples of Water-related Interlaboratory Studies 205
References 209
9 Quality Systems 21 1
9.1 Introduction 21 1
9.2 Standardization 215
9.3 Accreditation 217
References 227
Appendices 229
Glossary 243
Index 247
Series Preface
I
Water is a fundamental constituent of life and is essential to a wide range of
economic activities. It is also a limited resource, as we are frequently reminded
by the tragic effects of drought in certain parts of the world. Even in areas
with high precipitation, and in major river basins, over-use and mismanage-
ment of water have created severe constraints on availability. Such problems
are widespread and will be made more acute by the accelerating demand on
freshwater arising from trends in economic development.
Despite the fact that water-resource management is essentially a local, river
' basin-based activity, there are a number of areas of action that are relevant to all
or significant parts of the European Union and for which it is advisable to pool
efforts for the purpose of understanding relevant phenomena (e.g. pollution,
, geochemical studies), developing technical solutions and/or defining manage-
ment procedures. One of the keys to successful co-operation aimed at studying
hydrology, water monitoring, biological activities etc.. is to achieve and ensure
good water quality measurements.
Measurements of quality are essential to demonstrate the comparability of
data obtained worldwide and they form the basis for appropriate decision-making
related to management of water resources, monitoring issues, biological quality,
etc. In addition to the necessary quality control tools developed for various types
of physical, chemical and biological measurements, there is a great need for
education and training related to water quality measurements. This need has been
recognized by the European Commission which has funded a series of training
courses on this topic, covering aspects such as monitoring and measurements
of lake recipients, measurements of heavy metals and organic compounds in
drinking and surface water, use of biotic indexes, and quantitation of algae,
protozoa and helminths.
This book series will ensure a wide coverage of issues related to water quality
measurements, in particular the topics of the above-mentioned courses. In addi-
tion, other aspects related to methods of quality control (e.g. certified reference
materials for the quality control of water analysis) and waste-water monitoring
will also, be considered.
The present book, Qualip Assurance for Water Analysis, is the third one of
the series. It includes general considerations of the framework of water analysis
and of quality assurance/quality control with relevant definitions, discussions
viii Series Preface
of quality assurance aspects of sampling and sample handling, descriptions of
current methods of analyses, the most important aspects of method validation,
a description of selected water reference materials and of participation of inter-
laboratory studies, and finally considerations of measurement data reporting and
quality systems.
-
Series Editor Philippe Quevauviller
The
Preface
K. Clive Thompson
ALcontrol Laboratories
Water quality is one of the most important issues confronting modem society.
With increasing demand and diminishing resources, deterioration in water quality
is frequently being reported. It is crucial that all water quality measurements
carried out are ‘fit-for-purpose’ and fully meet the data users’ requirements.
Unlike many analytical measurements, water quality data are relevant over a
very long time-scale. Thus, it is important that measurements made in the future
are compatible with measurements made in the past. This will allow any quality
deterioration or improvement that has occurred to be monitored with a high
degree of confidence. Unfortunately, in the past, there have been some signifi-
cantly biased and ‘unfit-for-purpose’ data entered into water quality archives.
This present book takes the reader through the complex issues of generating
fit-for-purpose water quality data with known confidence limits. It covers all of
the areas from the data users’ requirements, the sampling plan and protocol, the
actual analysis and the associated quality assurance and quality control, through
to the production of the analysis report and archive storage.
This text is considered to be a very timely publication and should assist all
users and producers of water quality data to ensure that the data they receive or
supply are accurate and fit for the intended purpose. The author is an acknowl-
edged expert with many years of experience in this complex area and has
managed to bring together all of the key issues in this concise and very relevant
publication.
Water Quality Measurements Series
Edited by Philippe Quevauviller
Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1
The Framework of
Water Analysis
I. I Introduction
I .? Purpose of Analysis
I.?. I Support of regulations
I.?.? Wide-scale monitoring programmes
1.2.3 Research
1.3 Types Of Waters Currently Analyzed
1.4 Chemical Parameters
1.4.1 Physico-chemical parameters
1.4.2 Inorganic parameters
1.4.3 Chemical forms of elements (‘speciation’)
I A.4 Organic parameters
I .5 Microbiological Parameters
References
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Water represents one of the basic elements supporting life and the natural envi-
ronment, a primary component for industry, a consumer item for humans and
animals, and a vector for domestic and industrial pollution. Various European
Directives already provide a framework for the control of aquatic substances,
the quality of bathing, surface and drinking waters, and effluent control. Such
regulatory measures are closely related to ‘classical’ analytical measurements
(involving sample collection and laboratory analysis). Other approaches are,
however, foalowed to comply with these regulations on a permanent basis,
which are based on the use of automated measuring techniques (e.g. sensors) to
obtain suitable warning alarm systems and facilitate the management of water
resources and decision-making process (Colin and Quevauviller, 1998), often
using telemetry to allow remote control of water management systems.
The analysis of water media reveals the presence of gases, suspended or
dissolved mineral and organic matter and micro-organisms. Many water compo-
nents occur naturally, originating from, e.g. rocks, soils and air, or from human