Water Quality Control Handbook

793 Pages·2006·24.082 MB·English

by  E. Alley

WATER
QUALITY
CONTROL
HANDBOOK
E. Roberts Alley, P.E.
Chairman of the Board
E. Roberts Alley & Associates, Inc.
Second Edition
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WEF PRESS
Water Environment Federation Alexandria, Virginia
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DOI: 10.1036/0071467602
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Capter 1. Introduction 1.1
1.1 The Environment / 1.1
1.2 Water Quality / 1.2
1.3 General Classification of Pollutants / 1.3
Part I The Theory and Quantification of Water Pollution
Chapter 2. Sources of Water Pollution 2.3
2.1 Introduction / 2.3
2.2 Industrial Sources of Water Pollution / 2.3
2.3 Municipal Sources of Water Pollution / 2.4
2.4 Agricultural Sources of Water Pollution / 2.5
2.5 Natural Sources of Water Pollution / 2.6
2.6 Stormwater Sources of Water Pollution / 2.6
2.7 Landfill Water Pollution Sources / 2.7
2.8 Leaking Underground Storage Tank Water Pollution Sources / 2.7
Chapter 3. Pollutant Classification 3.1
3.1 Introduction / 3.1
3.2 Physical Pollutants / 3.1
3.3 Chemical Pollutants / 3.10
3.4 Biological Pollutants / 3.18
3.5 References / 3.28
Chapter 4. Water Quality 4.1
4.1 General / 4.1
4.2 Types of Receiving Waters / 4.1
4.3 Significant Deterioration of Water Quality / 4.3
4.4 Modeling of Pollutant Discharge / 4.4
4.5 Natural Treatment of Pollutants in Water / 4.5
4.6 Artificial Treatment of Pollutants in Water / 4.5
4.7 Watershed Management / 4.5
4.8 Risk Management / 4.6
iii
iv CONTENTS
Part II Water Quality Management
Chapter 5. Environmental Management 5.3
5.1 Introduction / 5.3
5.2 Environmental Management System—ISO 14000 / 5.5
5.3 Environmental Audits / 5.5
5.4 Water Conservation and Reuse / 5.14
Part III Water Pollution Regulations
Chapter 6. Regulatory Standards 6.3
6.1 Introduction / 6.3
6.2 History of Regulations / 6.3
6.3 Philosophy of Standards / 6.4
6.4 Water Quality Control / 6.5
6.5 Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan / 6.5
6.6 Federal Water Pollution Control Act / 6.5
6.7 The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System / 6.6
6.8 Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans / 6.6
6.9 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act / 6.7
6.10 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) / 6.7
6.11 Future Regulatory Standards / 6.9
6.12 References / 6.9
Part IV Water Pollution Control
Chapter 7. Wastewater Treatment Plant Design 7.3
7.1 Introduction / 7.3
7.2 Automatic Process Control For Wastewater Treatment Facilities / 7.31
Chapter 8. Physical Treatment 8.1
8.1 Equalization / 8.1
8.2 Screening / 8.13
8.3 Shredding / 8.16
8.4 Grit Removal / 8.17
8.5 Sedimentation / 8.21
8.6 Flotation / 8.72
8.7 Filtration / 8.81
8.8 Membrane Filtration / 8.91
8.9 Temperature Control / 8.102
8.10 Mixing / 8.103
8.11 Evaporative Treatment / 8.109
8.12 References / 8.114
CONTENTS v
Chapter 9. Chemical Treatment 9.1
9.1 Introduction / 9.1
9.2 pH Control / 9.1
9.3 Chemical Oxidation/reduction / 9.8
9.4 Metals Precipitation / 9.16
9.5 Coagulation and Flocculation / 9.23
9.6 Disinfection / 9.32
9.7 Air Stripping / 9.48
9.8 Adsorption of Aqueous Compounds / 9.61
9.9 Ion Exchange / 9.81
9.10 References / 9.83
Chapter 10. Biological Treatment 10.1
10.1 Introduction / 10.1
10.2 The Theory of Biological Treatment / 10.1
10.3 Aerobic Biological Treatment / 10.2
10.4 Anaerobic Biological Treatment / 10.58
10.5 Anoxic Biological Treatment / 10.72
10.6 Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment / 10.72
10.7 Wastewater Microbiology / 10.77
10.8 References / 10.83
Part V Residuals
Chapter 11. Residual Treatment 11.3
11.1 Thickening / 11.3
11.2 Stabilization / 11.11
11.3 Sludge Conditioning / 11.32
11.4 Dewatering / 11.34
11.5 Sludge Disposal / 11.40
11.6 References / 11.45
Part VI Treatment Summary
Chapter 12. Wastewater Treatment Solutions 12.3
12.1 Introduction / 12.3
12.2 Treatment Solutions / 12.3
12.3 Flow Diagrams / 12.3
Chapter 13. Pollutant Information 13.1
13.1 Introduction / 13.1
13.2 Pollutant Information, Inorganic Chemicals / 13.1
13.3 Carbon Adsorption Isotherms for Toxic Organics / 13.9
vi CONTENTS
Part VII Appendices
Appendix A. Hydraulic Information A.3
Appendix B. Conversion Data B.1
Appendix C. Water Characteristics C.1
Appendix D. Chemical Characteristics D.1
Appendix E. Design Information E.1
Appendix F. Sampling and Analytical Methods F.1
Appendix G. GAC Isotherm Data (US EPA, Publication No.
EPA-600/8-80-023) G.1
Index follows Appendix G
PREFACE
Environmental protection has, for at least the last 50 years, been a major concern in the civilized
nations of the world. The concern initially was limited to public health but has, since the 1970s,
been expanded to include the environment. As stewards of our environment, we are responsible for
the protection of the environment, for our own sakes and for the benefit of generations to follow. It
is accepted that humankind cannot continue to advance technologically while ignoring the envi-
ronmental deterioration that occurs when we irresponsibly discharge the waste from our tech-
nology. Indeed, the sustainable growth of our civilization requires, as the only reasonable and
feasible way to coexist on our planet with nature, that we protect our fragile environment. Much
of the legislation promulgated to provide environmental protection has the purpose of not only
non-deterioration of present environmental conditions, but the improvement of these conditions so
that past abuse is corrected.
For many years we have discharged waste products into the air, the water and the land as if they
were limitless reservoirs of storage. We have found of course, that this is not the case, and they have
deteriorated our air, water and land quality to the crisis point. Nature fortunately is forgiving, and
like the human body, has a remarkable capacity for recovery when abuse ceases. But continuing
abuse can literally destroy nature as well as it can our bodies.
Science has advanced to the point where we can fairly accurately predict the risk of pollu-
tant discharge and can develop systems to eliminate the discharges which tend to deteriorate the
environment.
Since the environment consists literally of everything that exists on this planet, environmental
protection is obviously critical and at the same time difficult to implement. The purpose of the first
edition of the Water Quality Control Handbookwas to recommend certain tools from a wide variety
of disciplines to the environmental practitioner so that systems can be developed to protect the envi-
ronment on a case-by-case basis.
One purpose of the second edition of the Water Quality Control Handbookis to introduce and
explain new technologies, several of which are unpublished and some of which are published only
in technical papers. A second is to update and, in some cases, elaborate on the information provided
in the first edition. A third purpose is to greatly expand Chapter 12, “Wastewater Treatment
Solutions,” as a tool for wastewater professionals to screen and select the optimal treatment systems
for various pollutant removals.
In order to allow this new information to be presented in a reasonable-sized handbook, some of
the details in Appendix F for organic chemical analysis have been consolidated and the Carbon
Absorption Isotherum in Appendix C has been summarized in tabular form. The reader is referred to
the first edition for more details in these two areas.
ORGANIZATION
This Handbook is intended to provide industrial, governmental and consulting environmental prac-
titioners a quick reference guide to all major areas of water pollution control. For this purpose, the
Handbook is divided into:
vii
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viii PREFACE
Part I. The Theory and Quantification of Water Pollution
Part II. Water Quality Management
Part III. Water Pollution Regulations
Part IV. Water Pollution Control
Part V. Residuals
Part VI. Treatment Summary
In addition, the Appendices are also intended to be a working document, and they are divided into:
Hydraulic Information
Water Characteristics
Chemical Characteristics
Design Information
HANDBOOK USE
The following paragraphs suggest ways to use this Handbook in solving water pollution control
problems.
Pollutant Characterization: One of the most important steps in the analysis of a wastewater or
the strategy of a design is the quantitative and qualitative characterization. Chapter 3 describes the
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of wastewater, and the monitoring, sampling and
testing methods involved in their determination. Appendix F gives EPA testing methods in complete
detail.
Water Quality: Chapter 4 describes the effects of various wastewater pollutants on the environ-
ment, the modeling of some of these pollutants, the classification of receiving streams and the in-situ
treatment and management of these bodies of water.
Water Pollution Control Management: Wastewater characterization, water quality and water
pollution control information is only academic and is not developed to manage the discharge of pol-
lutants. Chapter 4 under ‘‘Watershed Management’’and Chapter 5, ‘‘Environmental Management,’’
suggest methods of involving top management, establishing policies and requiring documentation to
assure the effective management of water pollution control.
Environmental Regulations: Chapter 6 summarizes the applicable water pollution regulatory
standards including the WQCA, NPDES, UST, SPCC, SWPPP, RCRA, CERCLA, and SARA and
discusses the philosophy and future of regulatory standards.
Water Pollution Control: The following chapters give the theory, design recommendations and
practical suggestions for various water pollution control systems.
General Design Chapter 7
Physical Treatment Chapter 8
Chemical Treatment Chapter 9
Biological Treatment Chapter 10
Residual Treatment Chapter 11
Wastewater Treatment Solutions Chapter 12
Pollutant Information Chapter 13
The purpose of Chapters 12 and 13 is to make use of the design information presented in the
previous chapters and present suggestions for optimal treatment methods for various industrial and
municipal pollutants and flows.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The genesis of this Handbook is a series of courses in wastewater pollution control taught by me
at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee; George Washington University, Continuing
Engineering Education Program, in Washington, D.C., San Diego, Calif., Indian Head, Md., and
London, England; and the Centre for Management Technology in Singapore, Jakarta, Indonesia, and
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. I would like to thank these institutions for the opportunities to develop the
courses and notes which have been expanded and organized into this Handbook.
I would like to thank the employees of E. Roberts Alley & Associates, Inc., who have contributed
to the research, writing, and production of information presented in this Handbook.
I would especially like to thank my wife, Marion S. Alley, for the love and encouragement she
has shown over the years of engineering, teaching, and authoring.
E. Roberts Alley, P.E.
ix
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