Water Hydraulics: Fundamentals for the Water and Wastewater Maintenance Operator

226 Pages·2000·17.335 MB·\226

by  Frank R. Spellman (Author), Joanne Drinan (Author)

WATER HYDRAULICS

Fundamentals for W ater & Wastewater
the
Maintenance Operator Series
W
ater
H
y d r a u lic s
FRANK R. SPELLMAN, Ph.D.
JOANNE DRINAN
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Contents
SERIES PREFACE.......................................................................................ix
PREFACE ......................................................................................................xi T
a
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................xiii
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1WATER HYDRAULICS: WHAT IS IT? nt
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1.1 Setting the Stage.................................................................1
2 WATER HYDRAULICS: THE BASICS
2.1 Introduction .........................................................................7
2.2 Basic Concepts ....................................................................7
2.3 Properties of Water............................................................17
2.4 Force and Pressure............................................................21
2.5 Head ...................................................................................27
2.6 Flow/Discharge Rate: Water in Motion ........................30
References .....................................................................................35
Self-Test..........................................................................................36
3 BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................39
3.2 Conservation of Energy .................................................. 40
3.3 Piezometric Surface ........................................................ 41
3.4 Bernoulli's Theorem ........................................................ 44
Contents v
References 48
Self-Test . 49
PUMPING BASICS
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................52
4.2 Pumps: Classification and Characteristics..........................53
4.3 Pumping Hydraulics...........................................................55
4.4 Hydraulics of Wells and Wet Wells ...................................57
References .....................................................................................60
Self-Test..........................................................................................61
FRICTION HEAD LOSS
5.1 Introduction ..................................................................... 63
5.2 Pipe and Open Flow Basics ........................................... 64
5.3 Major Head Loss ............................................................. 67
5.4 Minor Head Loss ............................................................. 71
References ................................................................................... 71
Self-Test ........................................................................................ 72
6 BASIC PIPING HYDRAULICS
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 74
6.2 Piping Networks ................................................................. 74
Reference ..................................................................................... 78
Self-Test ........................................................................................ 79
Vi
Contents
7 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................81
7.2 Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow...........................82
7.3 Parameters Used in Open-Channel Flow ......................84
7.4 Open-Channel Flow Calculations ...................................86
7.5 Open-Channel Flow: The Bottom Line...........................89
References .....................................................................................91
Self-Test ........................................................................................ 92
8 FLOW MEASUREMENT
8.1 Introduction.........................................................................93
8.2 Flow Measurement: The Old-Fashioned Way ............. 96
8.3 Basis of Traditional Flow Measurement ....................... 97
8.4 Flow-Measuring Devices ................................................. 97
References .................................................................................... 118
Self-Test .......................................................................................120
9 HYDRAULIC MACHINES: PUMPS
9.1 Introduction.......................................................................121
9.2 Basic Pumping Calculations...........................................134
9.3 Centrifugal Pumps ..........................................................155
9.4 Pump Control Systems ...................................................167
9.5 Protective Instrumentation..............................................173
9.6 Centrifugal Pump Modifications...................................175
Contents vii
9.7 Positive-Displacement Pumps.........................................182
References.....................................................................................184
Self-Test .......................................................................................186
10 FINAL REVIEW EXAMINATION .................................189
APPENDIX A
Answers to Chapter Self-Tests .................................................195
APPENDIX B
Answers to Chapter 10—Final Review Examination 203
INDEX .......................................................................................209
Viii
Contents
Series Preface
Currently several books address broad areas of wastewater and
waterworks operation. Persons seeking information for professional de­
velopment in water and wastewater can locate study guides and also
S
find materials on technical processes such as activated sludge, screening e
r
ie
and coagulation. What have not been available until now are accessible s

treatments of each of the numerous specialty areas that operators must P
r
e
master to perform plant maintenance activities and at the same time to f
a
c
upgrade their knowledge and skills for higher levels of certification. e
The Fundamentals for the Water and Wastewater Maintenance
Operator Series is designed to meet the needs of operators who require
essential background knowledge of subjects often overlooked or covered
superficially in other sources. Written specifically for maintenance oper­
ators, the series comprises focused books designed to enhance knowledge
and understanding.
Fundamentals for the Water and Wastewater Maintenance Operator
Series covers over a dozen subjects in volumes that form stand-alone
information guides or elements of a library of key topics. Areas to be pre­
sented in series volumes include: electricity, electronics, water hydraulics,
water pumps, handtools, blueprint reading, piping systems, lubrication,
and data collection.
Each volume in the series is written in a straightforward style without
jargon or complex calculations. All are heavily illustrated and include ex­
tensive, clearly outlined sample problems. Self-check tests are found within
every chapter, and a comprehensive examination concludes each book.
The series provides operators with the information required for im­
proved job performance. Equally important, using key points, worked
problems, and sample test questions, the series is designed to help oper­
ators answer questions and solve problems on certification and licensure
examinations.
ix
Series Preface