Table Of Content

Geophysical Monograph Series Geophysical Monograph Series 176 Exploring Venus as a Terrestrial Planet Larry W. Esposito, 203 Future Earth - Advancing Civic Understanding of Ellen R. Stofan, and Thomas E. Cravens (Eds.) the Anthropocene Diana Dalbotten, Gillian Roehrig, 177 Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime and Patrick Hamilton (Eds.) Matthew Hecht and Hiroyasu Hasumi (Eds.) 204 The Galápagos: A Natural Laboratory for the 178 Magma to Microbe: Modeling Hydrothermal Processes Earth Sciences Karen S. Harpp, Eric Mittelstaedt, at Oceanic Spreading Centers Robert P. Lowell, Jeffrey S. Noémi d’Ozouville, and David W. Graham (Eds.) Seewald, Anna Metaxas, and Michael R. Perfit (Eds.) 205 Modeling Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows: Insightsfrom 179 Active Tectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Peter J. Haeussler, Robert L. Wesson, Thomas von Larcher and Paul D. Williams (Eds.) and Göran Ekström (Eds.) 206 Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle Venkat 180 Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Lakshmi (Eds.) Mechanisms, and Implications Eric T. DeWeaver, 207 Magnetotails in the Solar System Andreas Keiling, Caitríona Cecilia M. Bitz, and L.-Bruno Tremblay (Eds.) Jackman, and Peter Delamere (Eds.) 181 Midlatitude Ionospheric Dynamics and Disturbances 208 Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Rebecca Carey, Paul M. Kintner, Jr., Anthea J. Coster, Tim Fuller-Rowell, Anthony Valerie Cayol, Michael Poland, and Dominique Weis (Eds.) J. Mannucci, Michael Mendillo, and Roderick Heelis (Eds.) 209 Sea Ice: Physics, Mechanics, and Remote Sensing 182 The Stromboli Volcano: An Integrated Study of the Mohammed Shokr and Nirmal Sinha (Eds.) 2002–2003 Eruption Sonia Calvari, Salvatore Inguaggiato, 210 Fluid Dynamics in Complex Fractured-Porous Systems Giuseppe Puglisi, Maurizio Ripepe, and Mauro Rosi (Eds.) Boris Faybishenko, Sally M. Benson, and John E. Gale (Eds.) 183 Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon 211 Subduction Dynamics: From Mantle Flow to Mega Cycle Brian J. McPherson and Eric T. Sundquist (Eds.) Disasters Gabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Scott King, 184 Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands Andrew J. Baird, Lisa R. Sang Mook Lee, and Seth Stein (Eds.) Belyea, Xavier Comas, A. S. Reeve, and Lee D. Slater (Eds.) 212 The Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation James Badro 185 Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological and Michael Walter (Eds.) Variability Jerry D. Wiggert, Raleigh R. Hood, S. Wajih A. 213 Global Vegetation Dynamics: Concepts and Applications in Naqvi, Kenneth H. Brink, and Sharon L. Smith (Eds.) the MC1 Model Dominique Bachelet and David Turner (Eds.) 186 Amazonia and Global Change Michael Keller, Mercedes 214 Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling and Bustamante, John Gash, and Pedro Silva Dias (Eds.) Economics Mario Chavez, Michael Ghil, and Jaime 187 Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Processes Urrutia-Fucugauchi (Eds.) Corinne Le Quèrè and Eric S. Saltzman (Eds.) 215 Auroral Dynamics and Space Weather Yongliang Zhang 188 Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow and Larry Paxton (Eds.) Spreading Ocean Ridges Peter A. Rona, Colin W. Devey, 216 Low‐Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas Andreas Keiling, Jérôme Dyment, and Bramley J. Murton (Eds.) Dong‐Hun Lee, and Valery Nakariakov (Eds.) 189 Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary? 217 Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle De-Zheng Sun and Frank Bryan (Eds.) and Core Hidenori Terasaki and Rebecca A. Fischer (Eds.) 190 The Stratosphere: Dynamics, Transport, and Chemistry 218 Integrated Imaging of the Earth: Theory and L. M. Polvani, A. H. Sobel, and D. W. Waugh (Eds.) Applications Max Moorkamp, Peter G. Lelievre, Niklas Linde, 191 Rainfall: State of the Science Firat Y. Testik and Mekonnen and Amir Khan (Eds.) Gebremichael (Eds.) 219 Plate Boundaries and Natural Hazards Joao Duarte and 192 Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments Martin J. Siegert, Wouter Schellart (Eds.) Mahlon C. Kennicut II, and Robert A. Bindschadler 220 Ionospheric Space Weather: Longitude and Hemispheric 193 Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, Dependences and Lower Atmosphere Forcing Timothy and Impacts Harunur Rashid, Leonid Polyak, and Ellen Fuller-Rowell, Endawoke Yizengaw, Patricia H. Doherty, Mosley-Thompson (Eds.) and Sunanda Basu (Eds.) 194 Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: Scientific 221 Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change: Natural Approaches, Analyses, and Tools Andrew Simon, Sean J. and Human-Induced Impacts Qiuhong Tang and Taikan Bennett, and Janine M. Castro (Eds.) Oki (Eds.) 195 Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: 222 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling in the Solar A Record-Breaking Enterprise Yonggang Liu, System Charles R. Chappell, Robert W. Schunk, Peter M. Amy MacFadyen, Zhen-Gang Ji, and Robert H. Weisberg (Eds.) Banks, James L. Burch, and Richard M. Thorne (Eds.) 196 Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity 223 Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment: Modeling and Perspective A. Surjalal Sharma, Armin Bunde, Decision Support Karin Riley, Peter Webley, and Matthew Vijay P. Dimri, and Daniel N. Baker (Eds.) Thompson (Eds.) 197 Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric Processes: 224 Hydrodynamics of Time-Periodic Groundwater Flow: Earth and Other Planets Andreas Keiling, Eric Donovan, Diffusion Waves in Porous Media Joe S. Depner and Todd C. Fran Bagenal, and Tomas Karlsson (Eds.) Rasmussen (Eds.) 198 Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations Liviu Giosan, Dorian Q. 225 Active Global Seismology Ibrahim Cemen and Yucel Yilmaz Fuller, Kathleen Nicoll, Rowan K. Flad, and Peter D. Clift (Eds.) (Eds.) 199 Dynamics of the Earth’s Radiation Belts and Inner 226 Climate Extremes: Patterns and Mechanisms S.-Y. Simon Wang, Magnetosphere Danny Summers, Ian R. Mann, Jin-Ho Yoon, Christopher C. Funk, and Robert R. Gillies (Eds.) Daniel N. Baker, and Michael Schulz (Eds.) 227 Fault Zone Dynamic Processes: Evolution of Fault Properties 200 Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere John Lin (Ed.) During Seismic Rupture Marion Y. Thomas, Thomas M. 201 Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Jospeh D. Huba, Mitchell, and Harsha S. Bhat(Eds.) Robert W. Schunk, and George V Khazanov (Eds.) 228 Flood Damage Survey and Assessment: New Insights from 202 The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Research and Practice Daniela Molinari, Scira Menoni, and Patterns Gian Luca Eusebi Borzelli, Miroslav Gacic, Francesco Ballio (Eds.) Piero Lionello, and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli (Eds.) Geophysical Monograph 229 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus Principles and Practices P. Abdul Salam Sangam Shrestha Vishnu Prasad Pandey Anil Kumar Anal Editors This Work is a co‐publication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This Work is a co‐publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 © 2017 the American Geophysical Union All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. 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Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data is available. ISBN: 978-1-119-24313-7 Set in 10/12pt Times New Roman by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Contributors ��vii Preface ��ix Acronyms and Abbreviations ��xi Section I: Understanding the Nexus 1 The Need for the Nexus Approach P. Abdul Salam, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Sangam Shrestha, and Anil Kumar Anal ...............................................3 2 Evolution of the Nexus as a Policy and Development Discourse Vishnu Prasad Pandey and Sangam Shrestha .................................................................................................11 3 The Nexus Contribution to Better Water Management and Its Limitations Mike Muller ..................................................................................................................................................21 4 Dynamic, Cross‐Sectoral Analysis of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Investigating an Emerging Paradigm Alex Smajgl and John Ward ...........................................................................................................................31 5 Urban Nexus: An Integrated Approach for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals Donovan Storey, Lorenzo Santucci, and Banashri Sinha .................................................................................43 Section II: Operationalizing the Nexus 6 Modeling the Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: A 7‐Question Guideline Bassel Daher, Rabi H. Mohtar, Sang‐Hyun Lee, and Amjad Assi .....................................................................57 7 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: Selected Tools and Models in Practice Victor R. Shinde ............................................................................................................................................67 8 Governing for the Nexus: Empirical, Theoretical, and Normative Dimensions David Benson, Animesh K. Gain, Josselin Rouillard, and Carlo Giupponi .......................................................77 9 The Role of International Cooperation in Operationalizing the Nexus in Developing Countries: Emerging Lessons of the Nexus Observatory Kristin Meyer and Mathew Kurian .................................................................................................................89 10 Water‐Energy‐Food Security Nexus in the Eastern Nile Basin: Assessing the Potential of Transboundary Regional Cooperation Mohammad Al‐Saidi, Nadir Ahmed Elagib, Lars Ribbe, Tatjana Schellenberg, Emma Roach, and Deniz Oezhan ...............................................................................................................103 11 Energy‐Centric Operationalizing of the Nexus in Rural Areas: Cases from South Asia Parimita Mohanty and Satwik Patnaik .........................................................................................................117 Section III: Nexus in Practice 12 The Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus from a South African Perspective Olusola O. Ololade, Surina Esterhuyse, and Audrey D. Levine .....................................................................129 v vi CONTENTS 13 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus: Examples from the USA Soni M. Pradhanang ....................................................................................................................................141 14 WEF Nexus Cases from California with Climate Change Implication Qinqin Liu ...................................................................................................................................................151 15 Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the West Asian Region Mohamed Abdel Hamyd Dawoud ..............................................................................................................163 16 Assessment of Water, Energy, and Carbon Footprints of Crop Production: A Case Study from Southeast Nepal Sangam Shrestha and Saroj Adhikari ...........................................................................................................181 17 The Food‐Water‐Energy Nexus in Modern Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh and Competing Discourses of Rice Research Institutions Sophia Barkat and Zachary A. Smith ...........................................................................................................191 18 Riverbank Filtration Technology at the Nexus of Water‐Energy‐Food Thomas B. Boving and Kavita Patil ..............................................................................................................207 Section IV: Future of the Nexus Agenda 19 Water‐Energy‐Food (WEF) Nexus and Sustainable Development Ashim Das Gupta........................................................................................................................................223 Index ��243 CONTRIBUTORS Saroj Adhikari Animesh K. Gain Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany Mohammad Al‐Saidi Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT), TH Köln, Carlo Giupponi University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Department of Economics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Venice Centre for Climate Studies (VICCS), Anil Kumar Anal Venice, Italy Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand Ashim Das Gupta Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand Amjad Assi Mathew Kurian WEF Nexus Group, Department of Biological and Capacity Development and Governance Unit, United Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Nations University (UNU‐FLORES), Dresden, Germany College Station, TX, USA Sang‐Hyun Lee Sophia Barkat WEF Nexus Group, Department of Biological and Political Science, Department of Politics and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, International Affairs, Northern Arizona University, College Station, TX, USA Flagstaff, AZ, USA Audrey D. Levine David Benson University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; US Environment and Sustainability Institute and National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA; and Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Thomas B. Boving Qinqin Liu Departments of Geosciences and Civil, Environmental Department of Water Resources, Natural Resource Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA RI, USA Kristin Meyer Bassel Daher Capacity Development and Governance Unit, WEF Nexus Group, Department of Biological and United Nations University (UNU‐FLORES), Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Dresden, Germany College Station, TX, USA Parimita Mohanty Mohamed Abdel Hamyd Dawoud Independent Research Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Rabi H. Mohtar WEF Nexus Group, Department of Biological and Nadir Ahmed Elagib Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT), TH Köln, College Station, TX, USA; and Zachry Department of University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Surina Esterhuyse Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Mike Muller Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand, Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa vii viii Contributors Deniz Oezhan Lorenzo Santucci Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT), TH Köln, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Bangkok, Thailand Olusola O. Ololade Tatjana Schellenberg Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT), TH Köln, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa Victor R. Shinde Vishnu Prasad Pandey Water Engineering and Management, School of International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Nepal Office, Lalitpur, Nepal Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand Kavita Patil Sangam Shrestha The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Southern Water Engineering and Management, Asian Institute Regional Centre, Goa, India of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand Satwik Patnaik Banashri Sinha Department of Sociology, BJB Autonomous College, Independent Researcher Bhubaneswar, India Alex Smajgl Soni M. Pradhanang Mekong Region Futures Institute (MERFI), Bangkok, Department of Geosciences, University of Rhode Thailand Island, Kingston, RI, USA Zachary A. Smith Lars Ribbe Department of Politics and International Affairs, Integrated Water and Land Management, Institute for Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Technology in the Tropics (ITT), TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Donovan Storey Global Green Growth Institute Emma Roach Institute for Technology in the Tropics (ITT), TH Köln, John Ward University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Mekong Region Futures Institute (MERFI), Vientiane, Lao PDR Josselin Rouillard Ecologic Institute, Berlin, Germany P. Abdul Salam Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand PREFACE Water, energy, and food are the vital resources that The book is divided into 4 sections and 19 chapters. sustain life as well as global, regional, and national econ- They are contributed by notable authors from different omies. The three resources share a lot in common, are parts of the world who are at the forefront of the nexus interlinked in many ways, and actions in one sector agenda. could inadvertently affect the other sectors. Exacerbating Because the multidisciplinary nature of the book covers demands of the three resources combined with concerns interconnections and management of the three key over environmental and climate change presents a set resources (water, energy, and food) it will be relevant to of scientific, policy, and management issues that are a broad audience in environment and earth sciences. critical for achieving the 2030 agenda of “Sustainable In addition, it could be an excellent reference for students, Development Goals (SDGs).” It was acknowledged in scholars, and professionals in the field of sustainability the Bonn 2011 Conference that the term “nexus,” which science, international development, natural resources reemerged as the “new kid on the block” of development management, and ecological economics. The book can disclosures, can best describe the interconnections benefit a wide range of readers with a keen interest in between the three resources. Since then, it has become a interdisciplinary research on resources management. These highly debated topic in most of the international fora. could include, but are not limited to, students, research However, these fora are mostly focused on the “water‐ scholars, practitioners, I/NGOs, donor agencies, UN agen- energy” or “water‐food” or “energy‐food” domain. To get cies, policy‐makers, and decision‐makers. the real benefit of the nexus approach in terms of resource We would like to acknowledge that this book is one use efficiency, it is necessary to understand, operationalize, of the outputs of the SEA‐EU‐NET Project (Phase‐II), and practice the nexus of all the three resources, that is, which was funded under the Seventh Framework water‐energy‐food (WEF). However, there is a limited Programme (FP7) of the European Union (EU). This knowledgebase and few publications in this arena. In publication was possible due to highly dedicated contri- this context, this book attempts to contribute to the butions from 41 contributing authors, 39 anonymous global debate on the WEF nexus through knowledge- reviewers, representatives of the publisher, and direct/ base generation. indirect helping hands of members at the Asian Institute This single‐volume peer‐reviewed book covers the of Technology (AIT). theoretical and/or conceptual aspects of the WEF nexus, ways to overcome operational challenges of the P. Abdul Salam nexus approach of the resources management, cases of Sangam Shrestha the nexus in practice from different regions of the Vishnu Prasad Pandey world, and opinions on the future of the nexus agenda. Anil Kumar Anal ix