Water Encyclopedia: Surface and Agricultural Water

794 Pages·2005·1.57 MB·English

by  Jay H. Lehr

WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA
SURFACE AND AGRICULTURAL
WATER
WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA
Editor-in-Chief EditorialStaff
Jay Lehr, Ph.D. Vice President,STM Books: Janet Bailey
EditorialDirector, STM Encyclopedias:
SeniorEditor Sean Pidgeon
Jack Keeley Executive Editor: BobEsposito
Director, BookProductionand Manufacturing:
AssociateEditor CamilleP. Carter
Janet Lehr ProductionManager: Shirley Thomas
Senior ProductionEditor: Kellsee Chu
InformationTechnologyDirector IllustrationManager: Dean Gonzalez
ThomasB. Kingery III EditorialProgramCoordinator:JonathanRose
WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA
SURFACE AND AGRICULTURAL
WATER
Jay Lehr, Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
Jack Keeley
Senior Editor
Janet Lehr
Associate Editor
Thomas B. Kingery III
Information Technology Director
TheWaterEncyclopediaisavailableonlineat
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eow/
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Lehr,Jay
WaterEncyclopedia:SurfaceandAgriculturalWater
ISBN0-471-73685-6
ISBN0-471-44164-3(Set)
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
CONTENTS
Preface ix GreenhouseGasEmissionsFromHydroelectric
Contributors xi Reservoirs 180
GullyErosion 183
Surface Water Hydrology PotentialHealthIssuesAssociatedWith
Blue-GreenAlgaeBloomsinImpoundments,
Acidification—Chronic 1
PondsandLakes 188
EpisodicAcidification 5
HeatBalanceofOpenWaterbodies 190
AcidificationofFreshwaterResources 7
Hydraulics 194
GeochemistryofAcidMineDrainage 13
HydraulicsofPressurizedFlow 196
TheAralSeaDisaster:EnvironmentIssuesand
HydroelectricPower 199
NationalistTensions 15
HydroelectricReservoirsasAnthropogenic
LakeBaikal—ATouchstoneforGlobalChange
SourcesofGreenhouseGases 203
andRiftStudies 20
HydrologicPersistenceandTheHurst
BaseFlow 22
Phenomenon 210
RiverBasins 28
UnitHydrograph 221
RiverBasinPlanningandCoordination 33
HydrologicalProcessesandMeasuredPollutant
Bioaccumulation 34
Loads 222
BioticIntegrityIndextoEvaluateWater
HydrologicThresholds 229
ResourceIntegrityinFreshwaterSystems 36
GangaRiver,India 232
ReversaloftheChicagoRiver 41
Interception 235
FloodControlintheYellowRiverBasinin
KinematicShock 239
China 45
KinematicWaveMethodForStormDrainage
ChironomidsinSedimentToxicityTesting 50
Design 242
Cienega 57
KinematicWaveandDiffusionWaveTheories 246
Time-AreaandTheClarkRainfall-Runoff
KinematicWaveFlowRouting 253
Transformation 60
ReliabilityConceptsinReservoirDesign 259
StreamClassification 65
Lakes 265
CoastalWetlands 71
TheTheoryofAlternativeStableStatesin
FreshwaterColloids 74
ShallowLakeEcosystems 272
CulvertDesign 75
NOAALakeLevelForecastforLakeMichigan
Dilution-MixingZonesandDesignFlows 78
RightonTarget 274
DrainageDitches 87
SubmergedAquaticPlantsAffectWaterQuality
DrainageNetworks 93
inLakes 275
DyesAsHydrologicalTracers 95
Lakes—DischargesTo 281
Flow-durationCurves 102
LasersScanLeveesfromtheAir 284
EnvironmentalFlows 106
LeveesforFloodProtection 286
Eutrophication(ExcessiveFertilization) 107
Limnology 291
CulturalEutrophication 114
AdsorptionofMetalIonsOnBedSediments 295
FishCellsintheToxicologicalEvaluationof
MicrobiologyofLoticAggregatesandBiofilms 305
EnvironmentalContaminants 115
MicroorganismsinTheirNatural
FishConsumptionAdvisories 118
Environment 309
Fisheries:History,Science,andManagement 121
CalibrationofHydraulicNetworkModels 313
FactorsAffectingFishGrowthandProduction 129
NumericalModelingofCurrents 320
WaterNeedsforFreshwaterFisheries
Management 133 UncertaintyAnalysisinWatershedModeling 325
AnOutlineoftheHistoryofFishpondCulturein WatershedModeling 327
Silesia,theWesternPartofPoland 135 ModelingofWaterQualityinSewers 331
Floods 142 ModelingofUrbanDrainageand
FloodControlStructures 150 Stormwater 337
FloodsasaNaturalHazard 153 ModelingUngaugedWatersheds 342
FloodSourceMappinginWatersheds 155 CorpsTurnedNiagaraFallsOff,OnAgain 345
UrbanFlooding 159 OpenChannelDesign 346
FloodwaterSpreading 163 OrganicCompoundsandTraceElementsin
MinimumEnvironmentalFlowRegimes 166 FreshwaterStreambedSedimentandFish
ForensicHydrogeology 168 fromthePugetSoundBasin 349
ForestsandWetlands 170 ImperviousCover—PavingParadise 363
RockGlacier 174 PhytoremediationByConstructedWetlands 364
GreatLakes 175 UnrecognizedPollutants 371
v
vi CONTENTS
PollutionofSurfaceWaters 373 BiofuelAlternativestoFossilFuels 545
PondAquaculture—ModelingandDecision SoilConservation 549
SupportSystems 375 LandscapeWater-ConservationTechniques 553
PumpingStations 379 CropWaterRequirements 557
RegulatedRivers 381 AgriculturalWaterUseEfficiency(WUE)and
Reservoirs-Multipurpose 382 Productivity(WP) 558
DamRemovalasRiverRestoration 387 LargeAreaSurfaceEnergyBalanceEstimation
RiparianSystems 390 UsingSatelliteImagery 560
Rivers 392 SoilErosionandControlPractices 565
RiverandWaterFacts 394 WaterTableContributiontoCrop
SedimentLoadMeasurements 397 Evapotranspiration 570
Sedimentation 401 CropEvapotranspiration 571
SedimentationandFlotation 404 WaterPollutionFromFishFarms 579
ReservoirSedimentation 408 World’sMajorIrrigationAreas 581
WaterfromSaturatedRiverSediment—Sand IrrigationinTheUnitedStates 586
Abstraction 412 IrrigationWells 594
SedimentTransport 417 AgricultureandLandUsePlanning 595
StochasticSimulationofHydrosystems 421 Waterlogging 599
StorageandDetentionFacilities 430 WaterQualityManagement
UrbanStormwaterRunoffWaterQualityIssues 432 inanAgriculturalLandscape 604
RiversandStreams:One-WayFlowSystem 437 ClassificationandMappingofAgriculturalLand
Streamflow 439 forNationalWater-QualityAssessment 608
WaterQualityinSuburbanWatersheds 441 MetalToleranceinPlants:TheRolesof
SurfaceWaterPollution 444 Thiol-ContainingPeptides 609
SurfaceRunoffandSubsurfaceDrainage 451 Microirrigation 615
TraceElementsinWater,Sediment,andAquatic Microirrigation:AnApproachtoEfficient
Biota—EffectsofBiologyandHumanActivity 454 Irrigation 620
InnovativePensHatchThousandsofTrout 458 PlantandMicroorganismSelectionfor
Watershed 460 PhytoremediationofHydrocarbonsand
CombustibleWatersheds 461 Metals 628
TimeofConcentrationandTravelTimein NitratePollutionPrevention 637
Watersheds 469 Nitrification 640
WatershedHydrology 472 OccurrenceofOrganochlorinePesticidesin
WatershedManagementforEnvironmental VegetablesGrownonUntreatedSoilsfroman
QualityandFoodSecurity 479 AgriculturalWatershed 643
WaterHyacinth—TheWorld’sMostProblematic PesticideChemistryintheEnvironment 647
Weed 479
RemediationofPesticide-ContaminatedSoilat
WaterQualityinPonds 484
AgrichemicalFacilities 651
WaterTurbine 487
PesticideOccurrenceandDistributionin
Wetlands:Uses,Functions,andValues 489
RelationtoUse 655
WetlandsOverview 493 AssessmentofPollutionOutflowFromLarge
ClassificationofWetlandsandDeepwater AgriculturalAreas 657
HabitatsoftheUnitedStates 496
Deep-WellTurbinePumps 664
UrbanRunoff 498
MicrobialQualityofReclaimedIrrigation:
UrbanWaterStudies 501
InternationalPerspective 667
SubglacialLakeVostok 503
SoilSalinity 673
Water—TheCanadianTransporter 507
MaintainingSaltBalanceonIrrigatedLand 677
FloodPrevention 510
SaltTolerance 681
EffectsofDDTinSurfaceWateronBird
GroundwaterAssessmentUsingSoilSampling
AbundanceandReproduction—AHistory 513
Techniques 688
InstreamFlowMethods 526
SkimmedGroundwater 691
Floodplain 527
SoilMoistureMeasurement—Neutron 692
FishPassageFacilities 529
SoilNManagementImpactonTheQualityof
FishingWaters 532
SurfaceandSubsurfaceWater 694
LandSurfaceModeling 533
SoilPhosphorusAvailabilityandItsImpacton
SurfaceWaterQuality 701
Agricultural Water
SoilWaterIssues 706
AnimalFarmingOperations:Groundwater WaterSpreading 708
QualityIssues 538 SprinklerIrrigation 712
AquacultureTechnologyforProducers 540 Stomates 714
CONTENTS vii
CropWaterStressDetectionUsingRemote WaterLogging:TopographicandAgricultural
Sensing 719 Impacts 741
VacuumGaugeTensiometer 724 WeedControlStrategies 742
TileDrainage 729 ScreenFiltersforMicroirrigation 748
TileDrainage:Impacts,PlantGrowth,and Xeriscape 750
WaterTableLevels 731 MediaFiltersforMicroirrigation 752
MeasuringandModelingTreeandStandLevel
Transpiration 732 Index 755
PREFACE
Surface water and agricultural water are uniquely Discourses on surface water would not be complete
associated as they provide many of our basic needs, without articles related to fish. Accordingly, we have
including food and fiber, power, transportation, and included articles on fish growth, fisheries, fishponds,
recreation.LikeothervolumesintheWaterEncyclopedia, and the use of fish scales in toxicological studies
wehaveselectedarticlesasvariedincontentastheyarein asexamples.
technical sophistication. To this end, the reader will also Another vital area of study in this volume is perhaps
recognizethatsingletopicsareoccasionallyduplicatedat best described as the practical side. These areas are of
varyinglevelsofscientificacumen. less esoteric origins, including salt tolerance of plants,
Articlesarealsoprovidedthatdemonstratethatsurface irrigation wells, weed control, tile drains, and moisture
andagriculturalwaterareassociatedinyetanotherway: content in to agriculture. Similar topics in surface water
They must be used efficiently and protected to assure include riparian systems, reservoir design, wetlands,
their productiveness far into the future. For example, lakes,levees,andtheunithydrograph.
agriculturalwateruseefficiencyisdiscussedfromseveral Finally, and appropriately, this volume of the Water
viewpoints with respect to irrigation technology. River Encyclopedia contains articles on specific water bodies
basin planning is approached in diverse ways, including and the consequences of their being. Included are
stream classifications, watershed hydrology, modeling, the Aral Sea, the Ganga River of India, the Great
erosioncontrol,andwaterconservation. Lakes, and the Yellow River in China, only to name
Wehavenecessarilyincludedarticlesaddressingissues a few. Here, too, the association of surface water and
of quality with respect to both surface and agricultural agricultural water are reinforced. This volume presents
water. In addition to an assessment of pollution outflow an important segment of the topic of water. We believe
fromagriculturalareas,thequalityofreclaimedirrigation thatthereader’seducationalpursuitswillbewellmetby
is addressed from both chemical and microbial stand- itscontents.
points. Watershed areas are examined according to their
contributionandvulnerabilitytocontamination,flooding, JayLehr
sedimenttransport,andtraceelements. JackKeeley
ix
CONTRIBUTORS
JuliaE. Aizpu´n deMoreno,UniversidadNacionaldeMardelPlata, B.D. Clinton, (from Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of
Mar del Plata,Argentina,Occurrenceof OrganochlorinePesticidesin Contaminants, Wiley2003),Measuring and Modeling Tree and Stand
VegetablesGrownonUntreatedSoilsfromanAgriculturalWatershed, LevelTranspiration
PesticideChemistryintheEnvironment SteveColman,U.S.GeologicalSurvey,LakeBaikal—ATouchstonefor
MahbubAlam,KansasStateUniversity,GardenCity,Kansas,Vacuum GlobalChangeandRiftStudies
GaugeTensiometer Charles M. Cooper, USDA Agricultural Research Service National
AbsarAlum,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona,MicrobialQuality SedimentationLaboratory,Oxford,Mississippi,DrainageDitches
ofReclaimedIrrigation:InternationalPerspective
Dennis L. Corwin, Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California, Soil
Peyman Daneshkar Arasteh, Soil Conservation and Watershed Salinity
Management Research Institute (SCWMRI), Tehran, Iran, Minimum
Lewis M. Cowardin, U.S.Departmentof the Interior,Classificationof
Environmental Flow Regimes, Large Area Surface Energy Balance
WetlandsandDeepwaterHabitatsoftheUnitedStates
EstimationUsingSatelliteImagery,WaterSpreading
Christophe Cudennec, Ecole Nationale Supe´rieure Agronomique,
MuhammadNadeemAsghar,InternationalWaterManagementInstitute
Rennes,France,UnitHydrograph,RiversandStreams:One-WayFlow
(IWMI), Lahore, Pakistan, Irrigation Wells, Skimmed Groundwater,
System
SprinklerIrrigation
RupaliDatta,UniversityofTexas,SanAntonio,Texas,Phytoremediation
Mukand Singh Babel, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani,
ByConstructedWetlands,SoilNManagementImpactonTheQualityof
Thailand,SoilMoistureMeasurement—Neutron
SurfaceandSubsurfaceWater
Frank Balon, Buffalo District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Corps
FrancescaDellacasa,Universita`diPisa,Pisa,Italy,RiverBasins
TurnedNiagaraFallsOff,OnAgain
Joseph D. Bankston, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Richard Dowling, PittsburghDistrict, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Louisiana,PumpingStations InnovativePensHatchThousandsofTrout
NathalieBarrette,LavalUniversity,Que´bec,Canada,GreenhouseGas E´ric Duchemin,DREXEnvironment,Montre´al,Canada,Hydroelectric
EmissionsFromHydroelectricReservoirs ReservoirsasAnthropogenicSourcesofGreenhouseGases
Luis Berga, ETSIn Caminos, Barcelona, Spain, Floods as a Natural JuliaDuzant,CranfieldUniversity,NorthWyke,Devon,UnitedKingdom,
Hazard WaterQualityManagementinanAgriculturalLandscape,SoilErosion
AsbjørnBergheim,RF-RogalandResearch,Stavanger,Norway,Water andControlPractices
PollutionFromFishFarms J. Gordon Edwards, San Jose, California, Effects of DDT in Surface
K.K.S. Bhatia, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttaranchal, WateronBirdAbundanceandReproduction—AHistory
India,Dilution-MixingZonesandDesignFlows,SurfaceWaterPollution, EnvironmentCanada, Water—TheCanadianTransporter
AssessmentofPollutionOutflowFromLargeAgriculturalAreas K.J. Elliott, (from Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of
Sandra Bird, U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, Impervious Contaminants, Wiley2003),Measuring and Modeling Tree and Stand
Cover—PavingParadise LevelTranspiration
PeterE.Black,StateUniversityofNewYorkCollegeofEnvironmental Theodore A. Endreny, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York, Forests and
ScienceandForestry,Syracuse,NewYork,WatershedHydrology Wetlands,RiparianSystems,GreatLakes
Robert W. Black, National Water Quality Assessment Program, U.S. WayneD.Erskine,StateForestsofNewSouthWales,Beecroft,NewSouth
Geological Survey, Organic Compounds and Trace Elements in Wales,Australia,StreamClassification,GullyErosion,SedimentLoad
FreshwaterStreambedSedimentandFishfromthePugetSoundBasin Measurements
AlexanderBrenning,Humboldt–Universita¨tzuBerlin,Berlin,Germany, XingFang,LamarUniversity,Beaumont,Texas,CulvertDesign,Water
RockGlacier Turbine,HydraulicsofPressurizedFlow,OpenChannelDesign,Storage
Karen D. Brettschneider, Houston-Galveston Area Council, Houston, andDetentionFacilities,Streamflow
Texas,UrbanWaterStudies,Watershed
JerryL.Farris,ArkansasStateUniversity,StateUniversity,Arkansas,
EmeraBridger,SUNY-ESF,Syracuse,NewYork,ForestsandWetlands DrainageDitches
Alexander Brinker, Fischereiforschungsstelle des Landes Baden-
DouglasH.Fender,InternationalTurfProducersFoundation,Meadows,
Wu¨rttemberg,Langenargen,Germany,WaterPollutionFromFishFarms
Illinois,LandscapeWater-ConservationTechniques
Gary A. Buchanan, Division of Science, Research, and Technology,
R.Andre´sFerreyra,AgConnections,Inc.,Murray,Kentucky,Stomates
Trenton,NewJersey,FishConsumptionAdvisories
MarkusFlury,WashingtonStateUniversity,Pullman,Washington,Dyes
Yong Cai, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, Metal
AsHydrologicalTracers
ToleranceinPlants:TheRolesofThiol-ContainingPeptides
Julia Freedgood, American Farmland Trust, Washington, District of
Rene´ Canuel, University of Que´bec in Montre´al, Montre´al, Canada,
Columbia,AgricultureandLandUsePlanning
HydroelectricReservoirsasAnthropogenicSourcesofGreenhouseGases
AnnetteGeller,UFZCenterforEnvironmentalResearchLeipzig-Halle
Virginia Carter, U.S. Department of the Interior, Classification of
Ltd.,Magdeburg,Germany,Limnology
WetlandsandDeepwaterHabitatsoftheUnitedStates
Walter Geller, UFZ Center for Environmental Research, Magdeburg,
Harenda Singh Chauhan, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology,Pantnagar,India,Microirrigation:AnApproachtoEfficient Germany,Limnology,Lakes
Irrigation WalterH. Geller, UFZ, Dept. of Inland Water Research, Magdeburg,
Shulin Chen, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, Germany,AcidificationofFreshwaterResources
AquacultureTechnologyforProducers RobertJ.Gilliom,U.S.GeologicalSurvey,ClassificationandMappingof
Pietro Chiavaccini, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Flood Control AgriculturalLandforNationalWater-QualityAssessment
Structures,Hydraulics Francis C. Golet, U.S. Department of the Interior, Classification of
Brent C. Christopher, Montana StateUniversity,Bozeman, Montana, WetlandsandDeepwaterHabitatsoftheUnitedStates
SubglacialLakeVostok Mariana Gonzalez, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del
Xuefeng Chu, Grand Valley State University, Muskegon, Michigan, Plata,ArgentinaandConsejoNacionaldeInvestigacionesCient´ıficasy
PesticideOccurrenceandDistributioninRelationtoUse Te´cnicas(CONICET),BuenosAires,Argentina,PesticideChemistryin
Michelle Clarke, Cranfield University, North Wyke, Devon, United theEnvironment,OccurrenceofOrganochlorinePesticidesinVegetables
Kingdom, Water Quality Management in an Agricultural Landscape, GrownonUntreatedSoilsfromanAgriculturalWatershed
SoilErosionandControlPractices Eve Gruntfest, (from The Handbook of Weather, Climate, and Water:
ThomasR. Clarke, USDA ARS U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, AtmosphericChemistry,Hydrology,andSocietalImpacts,Wiley2003),
Phoenix,Arizona,CropWaterStressDetectionUsingRemoteSensing Floods
xi