Water Centric Sustainable Communities

627 Pages·2017·11.82 MB·English

P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBT312-Novotny August11,2010 6:58 PrinterName:Sheridan
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBT312-Novotny August11,2010 6:58 PrinterName:Sheridan
WATER CENTRIC
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBT312-Novotny August11,2010 6:58 PrinterName:Sheridan
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
fm JWBT312-Novotny August11,2010 6:58 PrinterName:Sheridan
WATER CENTRIC
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITIES
Planning, Retrofitting, and Building
the Next Urban Environment
Vladimir Novotny,
Jack Ahern, and
Paul Brown
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
P1:OTA/XYZ P2:ABC
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CoverpicturecreditMalenaKarlsson,GlashusETT,Stockholm(Sweden)
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Novotny,Vladimir,1938-
Watercentricsustainablecommunities:planning,retrofitting,an buildingthenexturban
environment/VladimirNovotny,JohnAhern,PaulBrown.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-47608-6(cloth);ISBN978-0-470-64282-5(ebk);ISBN978-0-470-64283-2(ebk);
ISBN978-0-470-64284-9(ebk);ISBN978-0-470-94996-2(ebk);ISBN978-0-470-95169-9(ebk);
ISBN978-0-470-95193-4(ebk)
1.Municipalwatersupply. 2.Waterresourcesdevelopment. 3.Sustainabledevelopment.
4.Urbanrunoff–Management. 5.Watershedmanagement. I.Ahern,John,1949–
II.Brown,Paul,1944– III.Title.
TD346.N682010
(cid:3)
628.1091732–dc22 2010005121
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xii
I HISTORICPARADIGMSOFURBANWATER/STORMWATER/
WASTEWATERMANAGEMENTANDDRIVERSFORCHANGE 1
I.1 Introduction / 1
I.2 HistoricParadigms:FromAncientCitiestothe20thCentury / 5
I.2.1 FirstParadigm / 8
I.2.2 SecondParadigm / 9
I.2.3 ThirdParadigm / 15
I.2.4 FourthParadigm / 25
I.2.5 TheImpactofAutomobileUse / 32
I.2.6 UrbanSprawl / 38
I.2.7 TheRiseofNewGreatPowersCompetingforResources / 40
I.3 DriversforChangetowardsSustainability / 42
I.3.1 PopulationIncreasesandPressures / 44
I.3.2 WaterScarcityProblemsandFloodingChallenges
ofLargeCities / 49
I.3.3 GreenhouseEmissionsandGlobalWarmingEffects / 51
I.3.4 AgingInfrastructureandtheNeedtoRebuildandRetrofi / 59
I.3.5 TheImpossibilityofMaintainingtheStatusQuoand
BusinessasUsual / 60
I.4 The21stCenturyandBeyond / 65
References / 68
II URBANSUSTAINABILITYCONCEPTS 72
II.1 TheVisionofSustainability / 72
II.2 TheSustainabilityConceptandDefinition / 73
II.2.1 ANew(Fifth)ParadigmIsNeeded / 73
II.2.2 Definitio ofPollution / 76
II.2.3 SustainabilityDefinition / 80
II.2.4 EconomicversusResourcesPreservationSustainability / 82
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vi CONTENTS
II.2.5 SustainabilityComponents / 85
II.2.6 TheEnvironmentandEcology / 87
II.2.7 LivingwithintheLimitsintheUrbanLandscape / 90
II.2.8 TheEconomy / 94
II.3 TowardstheFifthParadigmofSustainability / 97
II.3.1 EmergingSustainableUrbanWater/Stormwater/Used
WaterSystems / 99
II.3.2 TripleBottomLine—LifeCycleAssessment
(TBL—LCA) / 104
II.3.3 WaterReclamationandReuse / 106
II.3.4 RestoringUrbanStreams / 108
II.3.5 StormwaterPollutionandFloodAbatement / 110
II.3.6 UrbanLandscape / 113
II.4 CitiesoftheFuture—WaterCentricEcocities / 114
II.4.1 DrainageandWaterManagement / 114
II.4.2 MicroscaleMeasuresandMacroscale
WatershedGoals / 116
II.4.3 IntegratedResourceManagementClusters—Ecoblocks
oftheCitiesoftheFuture / 120
II.4.4 InterconnectivityofClusters—SpatialIntegration / 123
II.5 Ecocity/EcovillageConcepts / 124
References / 129
III PLANNINGANDDESIGNFORSUSTAINABLEAND
RESILIENTCITIES:THEORIES,STRATEGIES,ANDBEST
PRACTICESFORGREENINFRASTRUCTURE 135
III.1 Introduction / 135
III.1.1 AchievingSustainability / 135
III.1.2 SustainabilitythroughUrbanPlanningandDesign / 137
III.2 EcosystemServices / 138
III.2.1 Concepts / 138
III.2.2 TheNon-EquilibriumParadigm / 141
III.3 PlanningforResilientandSustainableCities / 143
III.3.1 EcosystemServiceGoalsandAssessments / 143
III.3.2 ResilienceStrategies / 144
III.3.3 ScenarioPlanning / 155
III.3.4 TransdisciplinaryProcess / 157
III.3.5 AdaptivePlanning / 157
III.4 BestPracticesforGreenInfrastructure / 158
III.4.1 SEAStreetSeattle / 159
III.4.2 WestergasfabriekPark,Amsterdam / 162
III.4.3 StatenIslandBlueBelt,NewYork / 162
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III.4.4 Ecostaden(Ecocities):AugustenborgNeighborhood
andWesternHarbor,Malmo¨,Sweden / 164
III.5 Discussion / 170
References / 171
IV STORMWATERPOLLUTIONABATEMENTANDFLOOD
CONTROL—STORMWATERASARESOURCE 177
IV.1 UrbanStormwater—AProblemoranAsset? / 177
IV.1.1 ProblemswithUrbanStormwater / 177
IV.1.2 CurrentUrbanDrainage / 182
IV.1.3 UrbanStormwaterIsanAssetandaResource / 184
IV.1.4 LowImpactDevelopment(LID) / 186
IV.2 BestManagementPracticestoControlUrbanRunoffforReuse / 189
IV.2.1 SoftSurfaceApproaches / 190
IV.2.2 PondsandWetlands / 201
IV.2.3 WinterLimitationsonStormwaterManagement
andUse / 212
IV.2.4 HardInfrastructure / 216
IV.2.5 IDUrbanDrainage—ASteptotheCitiesoftheFuture / 218
References / 222
V WATERDEMANDANDCONSERVATION 228
V.1 WaterUse / 228
V.1.1 WateronEarth / 228
V.1.2 WaterUseFundamentals / 232
V.1.3 MunicipalWaterUseintheU.S.andWorldwide / 235
V.1.4 ComponentsofMunicipalWaterUse / 239
V.1.5 VirtualWater / 240
V.2 WaterConservation / 241
V.2.1 Definitio ofWaterConservation / 241
V.2.2 ResidentialWaterUse / 241
V.2.3 CommercialandPublicWaterUseandConservation / 249
V.2.4 LeaksandOtherLosses / 251
V.3 SubstituteandSupplementalWaterSources / 252
V.3.1 RainwaterHarvesting(RWH) / 252
V.3.2 GrayWaterReclamationandReuseasaSource
ofNewWater / 256
V.3.3 DesalinationofSeawaterandBrackishWater / 260
V.3.4 UrbanStormwaterandOtherFreshwaterFlowsas
SourcesofWater / 266
References / 268
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viii CONTENTS
VI WATERRECLAMATIONANDREUSE 272
VI.1 Introduction / 272
VI.2 WaterReclamationandReuse / 274
VI.2.1 TheConcept / 274
VI.2.2 ReclaimingRainwaterandStormwater / 279
VI.2.3 Water-Sewage-WaterCycle—Unintended
Reuse / 280
VI.2.4 CentralizedversusDecentralizedReclamation / 281
VI.2.5 ClusterWaterReclamationUnits / 282
VI.3 WaterQualityGoalsandLimitsforSelecting
Technologies / 286
VI.3.1 Concepts / 286
VI.3.2 LandscapeandAgriculturalIrrigation / 289
VI.3.3 UrbanUsesOtherThanIrrigationandPotable
WaterSupply / 293
VI.3.4 PotableReuse / 297
VI.3.5 GroundwaterRecharge / 300
VI.3.6 IntegratedReclamationandReuse—Singapore / 304
References / 308
VII TREATMENTANDRESOURCERECOVERY
UNITPROCESSES 311
VII.1 BriefDescriptionofTraditionalWaterandResource
ReclamationTechnologies / 311
VII.1.1 BasicRequirements / 311
VII.1.2 ConsideringSourceSeparation / 312
VII.1.3 Low-EnergySecondaryTreatment / 315
VII.1.4 NewDevelopmentsinBiologicalTreatment / 324
VII.2 SludgeHandlingandResourceRecovery / 329
VII.2.1 TypesofSolidsProducedintheWaterReclamation
Process / 331
VII.2.2 ANewLookatResidualSolids(Sludge)asa
Resource / 334
VII.3 NutrientRecovery / 336
VII.4 MembraneFiltrationandReverseOsmosis / 339
VII.5 Disinfection / 340
VII.6 EnergyandGHGEmissionIssuesinWater
ReclamationPlants / 346
VII.7 EvaluationandSelectionofDecentralizedWaterReclamation
Technologies / 348
VII.7.1 ClosedCycleWaterReclamation / 348
References / 354