Water and Plant Disease

324 Pages·1978·6.527 MB·English

by  T.T. Kozlowski (Eds.)

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME
PETER G. AYRES D. M. GRIFFIN
C. M. CHRISTENSEN C. T. INGOLD
R. D. DURBIN DONALD F. SCHOENEWEISS
D. W. FRENCH A. F. VAN DER WAL
C. E. YARWOOD
WATER DEFICITS
AND PLANT GROWTH
EDITED BY
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
MADISON, WISCONSIN
VOLUME V
Water and Plant Disease
1978
ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
COPYRIGHT Θ 1978, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
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OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
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PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Kozlowski, Theodore Thomas, Date
Water deficits and plant growth.
Includes bibliographies and index.
CONTENTS: v. 1. Development, control and measurement.
—v. 2. Plant water consumption and response. —v. 3.
Plant responses and control of water balance. [etc.]
1. Plants—Water requirements. 2. Growth (Plants)
3. Plant-water relationships. 4. Plant diseases.
I. Title.
QK870.K69 582\0Γ9212 68-14658
ISBN 0-12-424155-7 (v. 5)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
PETER G. AYRES (1), Department of Biological Sciences, University of
Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster, England
C. M. CHRISTENSEN (199, 221), Department of Plant Pathology, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
R. D. DURBIN (101), Plant Disease Resistance Research Unit, ARS,
USD A, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin
D. W. FRENCH (221), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Min-
nesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
D. M. GRIFFIN (175), Department of Forestry, Australian National Uni-
versity, Canberra, Australia
C. T. INGOLD (119), Birkbeck College, University of London, London,
England
DONALD F. SCHOENEWEISS (61), Illinois Natural History Survey, Ur-
bana, Illinois
A. F. VAN DER WAL (253), Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding,
Laboratory de HaaflF, Wageningen, The Netherlands
C. E. YARWOOD (141), Department of Plant Pathology, University of
California, Berkeley, California
PREFACE
The philosophy of this volume departs somewhat from that of previous
ones in this series because it does not restrict itself to water-stressed
plants. Rather its purpose is to present a comprehensive treatment of the
role of both water deficits and excesses in the plant disease complex.
The opening chapter, a broad overview of the water relations of dis-
eased plants, deals separately with root diseases, vascular wilts, shoot
diseases, foliar diseases, and the combined effects of water stress induced
by disease and environment. The second chapter evaluates effects of
water deficits on both pathogen and host, and also considers separately
the degree and duration of water deficits as predisposing factors in plant
disease. This is followed by a chapter on important abiotic diseases in-
duced by water deficits as well as those induced by an excess of water.
The fourth chapter discusses water in relation to both active and passive
liberation of spores. The next chapter analyzes water in relation to the
infection process. Particular attention is given to water in relation to spore
germination, swelling and shrinkage of spores, and sources of moisture.
The next chapter focuses on soil moisture in relation to spread and survi-
val of pathogens. The seventh chapter, on water and seed decay, deals
with seed longevity and appraises the activities of both field and storage
fungi that affect seeds. The next chapter summarizes characteristics of
deteriorated wood products, water in relation to wood deterioration, and
prevention of deterioration. The final chapter is a comprehensive treat-
ment of moisture as a factor in epidemiology and the forecasting of dis-
ease.
I thank the authors for their scholarly contributions as well as their
patience and cooperation during the production phases. I especially want
to express my deep appreciation to Dr. R. D. Durbin for calling my
attention to the need for this volume and for his generous and valuable
counsel during the planning and creation of the book. Mr. R. J. Norby
and Mr. S. G. Pallardy assisted with preparation of the Subject Index.
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
VOLUME I. DEVELOPMENT, CONTROL,
AND MEASUREMENT
1. Introduction
T. Τ. KOZLOWSKI
2. Water Structure and Water in the Plant Body
A. S. CRAFTS
3. Terminology in Plant and Soil Water Relations
S. A. TAYLOR
4. Evaporation of Water from Plants and Soil
C. B. TANNER
5. Availability and Measurement of Soil Water
W. R. GARDNER
6. Plant Factors Influencing the Water Status of Plant Tissues
I. R. COWAN and F. L. MILTHORPE
7. Drought-Resistance Mechanisms
JOHNSON PARKER
8. Determination of Water Deficits in Plant Tissues
H. D. BARRS
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME II. PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION
AND RESPONSE
1. Water Consumption by Agricultural Plants
M. Ε. JENSEN
2. Water Consumption by Forests
A. J. RUTTER
3. Water Deficits and Physiological Processes
A. S. CRAFTS
4. Water Deficits and Growth of Herbaceous Plants
C. T. GATES
xiii
XIV Contents of Other Volumes
5. Water Deficits and Growth of Trees
R. ZAHNER
6. Water Deficits in Vascular Disease
P. W. TALBOYS
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME III. PLANT RESPONSES AND CONTROL OF
WATER BALANCE
1. Shrinking and Swelling of Plant Tissues
Τ. Τ. KOZLOWSKI
2. Soil Moisture and Seed Germination
D. HlLLEL
3. Water Deficits and Reproductive Growth
MERRILL R. KAUFMANN
4. Protoplasmic Resistance to Water Deficits
JOHNSON PARKER
5. Water Deficits and Enzymatic Activity
GLENN W. TODD
6. Water Deficits and Nutrient Availability
FRANK G. VIETS, JR.
7. Water Deficits and Nitrogen Metabolism
AUBREY W. TAYLOR
8. Water Deficits and Hormone Relations
AVINOAM LlVNE AND YOASH VAADIA
9. Physiological Basis and Practical Problems of Reducing Transpiration
ALEXANDRA POLJAKOFF-MAYBER AND J. GALE
10. Soil Water Conservation
D. HlLLEL AND Ε. RAWITZ
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME IV. SOIL WATER MEASUREMENT, PLANT
RESPONSES, AND BREEDING FOR DROUGHT RESISTANCE
1. Measurement of Water Content and the State of Water in Soils
S. L. RAWLINS
2. Structure and Functioning of Stomata
W. G. ALLAWAY AND F. L. MILTHORPE
Contents of Other Volumes xv
3. Stomatal Conductance in the Control of Gas Exchange
F. J. BURROWS AND F. L. MILTHORPE
4. Water Deficits and Photosynthesis
J. S. BOYER
5. Water Supply and Leaf Shedding
T. T. KOZLOWSKI
6. Water Deficits and Flow of Latex
B. R. BUTTERY AND S. G. BOATMAN
7. Water Deficits and Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules
JANET I. SPRENT
8. Plant Breeding for Drought Resistance
E. A. HURD
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
CHAPTER 1
WATER RELATIONS OF DISEASED PLANTS
Peter G. Ayres
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER, BAILRIGG,
LANCASTER, ENGLAND
I. Introduction 1
II. Solutes and Cell Water Relations 3
A. Causes of Altered Membrane Permeability 4
B. Methods for Studying Permeability Changes 6
C. Methods for Studying the Water Relations of Diseased
Plants 7
III. Root Diseases 10
IV. Vascular Wilts 13
A. Vascular Occlusion 14
B. Wilt Toxins 25
C. Accelerated Senescence 27
V. Shoot Diseases 29
VI. Foliar Diseases 31
A. Peronosporales 33
B. Subcuticular Parasites 35
C. Rust and Smut Diseases 37
D. Powdery Mildews 43
E. Viruses 47
VII. Combined Effects of Water Stress Induced by Disease and
Environment 48
VIII. Conclusions 51
References 52
I. INTRODUCTION
Wilting, desiccation, and water-soaking are examples of the charac-
teristic visible symptoms that arise when the water relations of a plant are
altered by a pathogenic microorganism. However, our increasing knowl-
edge of the physiology of diseased plants shows us that in many diseases
host water relations are altered in a way that will seriously affect growth
l
2 Peter G. Ayres
and development, e.g., expansion of young tissue may be reduced, with-
out the production of such characteristic visible symptoms. This chapter
will consider diseases in which host water relations are altered as a pri-
mary event in pathogenesis, and not just diseases in which a disturbed
water balance is obvious.
Physiological events in diseased plants may be studied and explained
to a high level of understanding, but only if analogous processes in healthy
plants are well understood can there be a proper appreciation of their
importance to the plant. With the exception of those carrying seed-borne
infections, plants begin life in a healthy state and disease is a progressive
influence upon them; the progressive nature of disease is true also of
seed-borne infection. The progress of disease depends upon the growth
rate of the pathogen and the rate at which it releases factors such as
enzymes and toxins. Depending upon factors such as the age and resis-
tance of the host, and environmental conditions, the influence of disease
may be mild or strong, slow or quick to develop, but its effects can only be
judged by reference to the healthy plant. Thus, to appreciate fully the
water relations of diseased plants the student should have a basic under-
standing of the water relations of healthy plants as described in Volumes
I-IV of this series. (Kozlowski, 1968a,b, 1972, 1976).
Whereas the water relations of healthy plants may differ from species
to species, each species may commonly be host to up to one-half dozen or
more different pathogens, each attacking the plant in its peculiar way.
Thus disease could potentially lead to an almost infinite variety of effects,
but, fortunately for those interested in this subject, the number of ways in
which a plant can respond to infection is limited, and similarities can be
recognized between infections of remotely different origin. This is espe-
cially true of the response of plants to infection when examined at the
cellular level. These changes are described first so that they may be
recognized later as common factors when the water relations of appar-
ently dissimilar diseases are examined.
Similarities between different diseases may also be recognized at the
level of tissue and organ. For this reason, diseases will be studied in
groups determined largely by the organ that is chiefly infected. Diseases
of the root and vascular tissue will be examined before diseases of stem,
leaf, and reproductive organs because this course follows the direction in
which water moves in the plant and, thus, makes understanding more
logical. It must always be borne in mind that organs affected by localized
infections cannot be treated as though they were separate from the rest of
the plant; each plant is a whole in which the parts interact, so that infec-
tion in one part of a plant will have repercussions on the remainder of the
plant. Those who have studied root and vascular diseases probably are