Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Theory and Design Examples, Volume 1 Principles and Basic Treatment

1161 Pages·2017·21.29 MB·English

by  Qasim

Wastewater Treatment
and Reuse
Theory and Design Examples
Volume 1: Principles and Basic Treatment

Wastewater Treatment
and Reuse
Theory and Design Examples
Volume 1: Principles and Basic Treatment
Syed R. Qasim
The University of Texas at Arlington
Guang Zhu
CP&Y, Inc.
In Cooperation with
CP&Y, Inc.
Consulting Engineers · Planners · Project Managers
Dallas, Texas
CRCPress
Taylor&FrancisGroup
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BocaRaton,FL33487-2742
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Contents
Preface...................................................................................xv
Acknowledgment ....................................................................... xxi
Authors............................................................................... xxiii
VOLUME 1 Principles and Basic Treatment
1 Introduction to Wastewater Treatment: An Overview ............................1-1
1.1 HistoricalDevelopment .................................................................1-1
1.2 CurrentStatus...........................................................................1-1
1.3 FutureDirections........................................................................1-3
1.3.1 HealthandEnvironmentalConcerns.......................................... 1-3
1.3.2 ImprovedWastewaterCharacterizationandSidestreams...................... 1-4
1.3.3 RehabilitationofAgingInfrastructure......................................... 1-4
1.3.4 EnergyReductionandRecoveryfromWastewater ............................ 1-5
1.3.5 Building,Retrofitting,andUpgradingPOTWs................................ 1-5
1.3.6 ProcessSelection,Performance,Reliability,andResiliency.................... 1-5
1.3.7 ReductioninSludgeQuantity,NutrientsRecovery,andBiosolidsReuse...... 1-6
1.3.8 EffluentDisposalandReuse ................................................... 1-6
1.3.9 ControlofCombinedSewerOverflowsandStormwaterManagement........ 1-7
1.3.10 DecentralizedandOn-SiteTreatmentandDisposal........................... 1-8
1.3.11 TechnologyAssessmentandImplementation ................................. 1-8
1.4 WastewaterTreatmentPlants...........................................................1-8
1.5 ScopeofThisBook......................................................................1-9
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems .......................................................1-9
References ......................................................................................1-9
2 Stoichiometry and Reaction Kinetics..............................................2-1
2.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................2-1
2.2 Stoichiometry............................................................................2-1
2.2.1 HomogeneousReactions....................................................... 2-1
2.2.2 HeterogeneousReactions...................................................... 2-2
2.3 ReactionRatesandOrderofReaction...................................................2-4
2.3.1 ReactionRates................................................................. 2-5
2.3.2 Saturation-TypeorEnzymaticReactions...................................... 2-8
2.4 EffectofTemperatureonReactionRate............................................... 2-11
v
vi Contents
2.5 ReactionOrderDataAnalysisandDesign ............................................ 2-12
2.5.1 Zero-OrderReaction.......................................................... 2-12
2.5.2 First-OrderReaction.......................................................... 2-15
2.5.3 Second-OrderReaction....................................................... 2-26
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 2-33
References .................................................................................... 2-35
3 Mass Balance and Reactors........................................................3-1
3.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................3-1
3.2 MassBalanceAnalysis...................................................................3-1
3.2.1 ProcedureforMassBalanceAnalysis.......................................... 3-2
3.2.2 CombiningFlowStreamsofaSingleMaterial................................. 3-3
3.2.3 CombiningaConservativeSubstanceandFlow............................... 3-6
3.2.4 MassorConcentrationofNonconservativeSubstancesinReactors.......... 3-13
3.3 FlowRegime........................................................................... 3-16
3.4 TypesofReactors...................................................................... 3-16
3.4.1 BatchReactor................................................................. 3-16
3.4.2 Continuous-FlowStirred-TankReactor ...................................... 3-18
3.4.3 PlugFlowReactor ............................................................ 3-34
3.4.4 ComparativePerformanceofaPFRandCFSTR ............................. 3-39
3.4.5 PerformanceofCFSTRsinSeries(CascadeArrangement)................... 3-44
3.4.6 GraphicalSolutionofSeriesCFSTRs......................................... 3-52
3.5 PlugFlowReactorswithDispersionandConversion.................................. 3-56
3.5.1 FlowRegimeandDispersionofTracer....................................... 3-56
3.5.2 PerformanceEvaluationofSedimentationBasin ............................. 3-56
3.5.3 DispersionwithConversion.................................................. 3-62
3.6 EqualizationofFlowandMassLoadings.............................................. 3-69
3.6.1 NeedandTypes............................................................... 3-69
3.6.2 DesignConsiderations........................................................ 3-70
3.6.3 DesignVolumeofEqualizationBasin ........................................ 3-71
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 3-83
References .................................................................................... 3-85
4 Sources and Flow Rates of Municipal Wastewater ................................4-1
4.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................4-1
4.2 RelationshipbetweenMunicipalWaterDemandandWastewaterFlow ................4-1
4.3 ComponentsofMunicipalWaterDemand..............................................4-3
4.3.1 ResidentialorDomesticWaterUse............................................ 4-4
4.3.2 CommercialWaterUse........................................................ 4-4
4.3.3 InstitutionalandPublicWaterUse............................................ 4-4
4.3.4 IndustrialWaterUse........................................................... 4-6
4.3.5 WaterUnaccountedororLost ................................................ 4-6
4.3.6 FactorsAffectingWaterUse................................................... 4-6
4.4 WastewaterFlow...................................................................... 4-12
4.5 WastewaterFlowVariation............................................................ 4-13
4.5.1 DryWeatherFlow............................................................ 4-13
4.5.2 InfiltrationandInflow........................................................ 4-14
4.5.3 CommonTermsUsedtoExpressFlowVariations ........................... 4-15
Contents vii
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 4-25
References .................................................................................... 4-27
5 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater..........................................5-1
5.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................5-1
5.2 PhysicalQuality.........................................................................5-1
5.2.1 Temperature................................................................... 5-1
5.2.2 Color,Turbidity,andOdor.................................................... 5-1
5.2.3 SettleableandSuspended(Non),Dissolved(Filterable),Volatile
andFixedSolids ............................................................... 5-3
5.3 ChemicalQuality........................................................................5-7
5.4 MeasurementofOrganicMatterandOrganicStrength.................................5-7
5.4.1 BiochemicalOxygenDemand ................................................. 5-7
5.4.2 NitrogenousOxygenDemand................................................ 5-24
5.4.3 ChemicalOxygenDemand................................................... 5-30
5.4.4 TotalOrganicCarbon ........................................................ 5-33
5.4.5 TotalOxygenDemandandTheoreticalOxygenDemand.................... 5-33
5.4.6 RelationshipbetweenBOD andOtherTestsUsedfor
5
OrganicContent.............................................................. 5-33
5.4.7 OtherNonspecificandSpecificTestsforOrganicContents.................. 5-35
5.4.8 NonbiodegradableandToxicCompounds.................................... 5-36
5.5 MicrobiologicalQuality................................................................ 5-36
5.5.1 BasicConcepts................................................................ 5-36
5.5.2 IndicatorOrganisms.......................................................... 5-38
5.5.3 MeasurementTechniques..................................................... 5-39
5.6 PriorityPollutants..................................................................... 5-50
5.7 ToxicityandBiomonitoring........................................................... 5-50
5.7.1 ToxicityTest.................................................................. 5-51
5.7.2 ToxicityTestEvaluation...................................................... 5-51
5.8 UnitWasteLoadingandPopulationEquivalent....................................... 5-57
5.9 MassLoadingsandSustainedMassLoadings ......................................... 5-60
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 5-65
References .................................................................................... 5-69
6 Wastewater Treatment Objectives, Design Considerations, and
Treatment Processes...............................................................6-1
6.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................6-1
6.2 TreatmentObjectivesandRegulations ..................................................6-1
6.2.1 Objectives...................................................................... 6-1
6.2.2 Regulations .................................................................... 6-1
6.3 BasicDesignConsiderations.............................................................6-3
6.3.1 InitialandDesignYearsandDesignPopulation............................... 6-4
6.3.2 ServiceAreaandTreatmentPlantSiteSelection.............................. 6-13
6.3.3 RegulatoryRequirementsandEffluentLimitations........................... 6-15
6.3.4 CharacteristicsofWastewaterandDegreeofTreatment ..................... 6-16
6.3.5 TreatmentProcesses,ProcessDiagrams,andEquipment..................... 6-17
6.3.6 PlantLayout.................................................................. 6-38
6.3.7 PlantHydraulicConditions................................................... 6-39
viii Contents
6.3.8 PlantHydraulicProfile ....................................................... 6-50
6.3.9 EnergyandResourceRequirementsandPlantEconomics.................... 6-53
6.3.10 EnvironmentalImpactAssessment........................................... 6-53
6.4 WastewaterFacilityPlanning,Design,andManagement.............................. 6-57
6.4.1 FacilityPlanning.............................................................. 6-57
6.4.2 DesignPlans,Specifications,CostEstimates,andSupportDocuments....... 6-58
6.4.3 ConstructionandConstructionManagement ................................ 6-61
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 6-61
References .................................................................................... 6-63
7 Screening..........................................................................7-1
7.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................7-1
7.2 ScreeningDevices .......................................................................7-1
7.2.1 CoarseScreens................................................................. 7-1
7.2.2 DesignConsiderationsofCoarseScreensandInstallations.................... 7-2
7.2.3 FineScreens .................................................................. 7-31
7.2.4 DesignofFineScreens........................................................ 7-32
7.2.5 SpecialScreens................................................................ 7-40
7.3 Quantity,Characteristics,andDisposalofScreeings .................................. 7-41
7.3.1 QuantityandCharacteristics.................................................. 7-41
7.3.2 ProcessingandDisposalofScreenings........................................ 7-41
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 7-43
References .................................................................................... 7-45
8 Grit Removal......................................................................8-1
8.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................8-1
8.2 NeedandLocationofGritRemovalFacility.............................................8-1
8.3 GravitySettling..........................................................................8-2
8.3.1 TypesofGravitySettling....................................................... 8-2
8.3.2 DiscreteSettling(TypeI)...................................................... 8-2
8.4 TypesofGritRemovalFacilities....................................................... 8-19
8.4.1 Horizontal-FlowGritChamber............................................... 8-19
8.4.2 DesignofEffluentTrough.................................................... 8-36
8.4.3 AeratedGritChamber........................................................ 8-43
8.4.4 Vortex-TypeGritChambers.................................................. 8-51
8.4.5 SludgeDegritting............................................................. 8-55
8.4.6 GritCollectionandRemoval ................................................. 8-56
8.5 GritCharacteristicsandQuality....................................................... 8-56
8.6 GritProcessing,Reuse,andDisposal.................................................. 8-57
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems ..................................................... 8-59
References .................................................................................... 8-60
9 Primary and Enhanced Sedimentation............................................9-1
9.1 ChapterObjectives ......................................................................9-1
9.2 FlocculentSettling(TypeII).............................................................9-1
9.3 InfluentQualityofPrimarySedimentationBasin .......................................9-8
9.4 TypesofPrimarySedimentationBasins............................................... 9-11
9.4.1 RectangularBasin............................................................. 9-11
Contents ix
9.4.2 CircularBasins................................................................ 9-14
9.4.3 SquareTanks ................................................................. 9-15
9.4.4 Stacked,Multilevel,orMultitrayTanks....................................... 9-16
9.4.5 BasicDesignandPerformanceCriteria....................................... 9-17
9.5 EnhancedPrimaryTreatment......................................................... 9-52
9.5.1 Preaeration.................................................................... 9-52
9.5.2 ChemicalCoagulationandPrecipitation...................................... 9-53
9.5.3 EffluentNeutralization........................................................ 9-60
9.5.4 SludgeProduction............................................................ 9-60
9.5.5 RapidMixing................................................................. 9-85
9.5.6 SlowMixingorFlocculation.................................................. 9-91
9.6 High-RateClarification............................................................... 9-143
9.6.1 SolidsContactClarifiers.....................................................9-143
9.6.2 InclinedSurfaceClarifiers ...................................................9-144
9.6.3 Micro-SandBallastedFlocculationProcess..................................9-147
9.6.4 Solids-BallastedFlocculationProcess........................................9-150
9.7 FineMeshScreensforPrimaryTreatment........................................... 9-161
DiscussionTopicsandReviewProblems .................................................... 9-166
References ................................................................................... 9-169
10 Biological Waste Treatment..................................................... 10-1
10.1 ChapterObjectives .................................................................... 10-1
10.2 FundamentalsofBiologicalWasteTreatment......................................... 10-1
10.2.1 BiologicalGrowthandSubstrateUtilization.................................. 10-1
10.2.2 TypesofBiologicalTreatmentProcesses ..................................... 10-9
10.3 SuspendedGrowthAerobicTreatmentProcesses.................................... 10-19
10.3.1 MicrobialGrowthKineticsinBatchReactor.................................10-20
10.3.2 MicrobialGrowthKineticsinContinuousFlowReactor ....................10-30
10.3.3 ContinuousFlowCompletelyMixedReactor................................10-32
10.3.4 DeterminationofBiologicalKineticCoefficientsinaContinuousFlow
CompletelyMixedReactor...................................................10-54
10.3.5 ContinuousPlug-FlowReactor..............................................10-63
10.3.6 OperationalParametersofActivatedSludgeProcess ........................10-68
10.3.7 ActivatedSludgeProcessModifications......................................10-74
10.3.8 OxygenTransfer............................................................10-103
10.3.9 AerationDevice,Equipment,andHardwareAssembly.....................10-142
10.3.10 AerationSystemDesign ....................................................10-144
10.3.11 AeratedLagoon.............................................................10-172
10.3.12 StabilizationPonds .........................................................10-191
10.4 Fixed-FilmorAttachedGrowthAerobicTreatmentProcesses...................... 10-209
10.4.1 NonsubmergedAttachedGrowthProcesses................................10-209
10.4.2 CombinedAttachedandSuspendedGrowthProcesses.....................10-247
10.4.3 IntegratedFixed-FilmMediainAerationBasin ............................10-254
10.4.4 SubmergedAttachedGrowthSystems......................................10-260
10.5 AnaerobicTreatmentProcesses ..................................................... 10-265
10.5.1 CapabilitiesofAnaerobicTreatmentProcesses.............................10-265
10.5.2 FundamentalsofAnaerobicProcess........................................10-265
10.5.3 EnvironmentalFactors......................................................10-266
10.5.4 ProcessAnalysis............................................................10-267