Wastewater treatment PDF
Preview Wastewater treatment
GEOCHEMGISETORCYH EMISTRY GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHEMGIESOTCRHY E MISTRY GEGOECOHCEHMEIMSITSRTYR Y GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHGEEMOISCTHREYM ISTRY GEOCHEMGISETORCYH EMISTRY GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHEMGIESOTCRHY E MISTRY GEGOECOHCEHMEIMSITSRTYR Y GEOCHEMISTRY GEOCHGEEMOISCTHREYM ISTRY Edited b y David H .F. L iu Bela G . Liptak Paul A. B ouis Special Consultant t::::\ Taylor & F rancis ~ Taylor & F rancis Group Boca Ratan London New Y ork Singapore A CRC title, part o f t he T aylor & Francis i mprint, a member o f t he Taylor & Francis Group, the a cademic division of T &F lnforma plc. Published in 2000 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2000 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-515-0 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 99-052047 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wastewater treatment I edited by David H. F. Liu, Beta G. Liptak p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-515-0 (alk. paper) I. S ewage-Purification. 2. Factory and trade waste-Management. I. Liu, David H. F. II. Liptak, Bela G. TD745 .W367 1999 628.3-dc21 99-052047 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at informa http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division ofT&F Inforrna plc. http://www.crcpress.com Preface Dr. David H.F. Liu passed away prior to the preparation of this book. He will be long remembered by his coworkers, and the readers of this book will carry his memory into the 21st Century. Engineers respond to the needs of society with technical into as yet unpolluted waterways. The Water Pollution Act innovations. Their tools are the basic sciences. Some en of 1972 would have temporarily required industry to ap gineers might end up working on these tools instead of ply the "best practicable" and "best available" treatments working with them. Environmental engineers are in a priv ileged and challenging position, because their tools are the totality of man's scientific knowledge, and their target is nothing less than human survival through making man's peace with nature. In the natural life cycle of the water bodies (Figure 1), the sun provides the energy source for plant life (algae), which produces oxygen while converting the inorganic molecules into larger organic ones. The animal life obtains HEAT its muscle energy (heat) by consuming these molecules and by also consuming the dissolved oxygen content of the wa ter. When a town or industry discharges additional organic material into the waters (which nature intended to be dis posed of as fertilizer on land), the natural balance is up set. The organic effluent acts as a fertilizer, therefore the algae overpopulates and eventually blocks the trans parency of the water. When the water becomes opaque, the ultraviolet rays of the sun can no longer penetrate it. This cuts off the algae from its energy source and it dies. The bacteria try to protect the life cycle in the water by attempting to break down the excess organic material (in cluding the dead body cells of the algae), but the bacteria require oxygen for the digestion process. As the algae is no longer producing fresh oxygen, the dissolved oxygen content of the water drops, and when it reaches zero, all animals suffocate. At that point the living water body has been converted into an open sewer. In the United States, the setting of water quality stan dards and the regulation of discharges have been based on the "assimilative capacity" of the receiving waters (a kind of pollution dilution approach), which allows discharges FIG. 1 The natural life cycle. of waste emissions and aimed for zero discharge by 1985. through the food chain. Some believe that the gradual poi While this last goal has not been reached, the condition of soning of the environment is responsible for cancer, AIDS, American waterways generally improved during the last and other forms of immune deficiency and self-destructive decades, while on the global scale water quality has dete diseases. riorated. While the overall quality of the waterways has im Water availability has worsened since the first edition proved in the United States, worldwide the opposite oc of this handbook. In the United States the daily withdrawal curred. This is caused not only by overpopulation, but also rate is about 2,000 gallons per person, which represents by ocean dumping of sludge, toxins, and nuclear waste, as roughly one-third of the total daily runoff. The bulk of well as by oil leaks from off-shore oil platforms. We do this water is used by agriculture and industry. The aver not yet fully understand the likely consequences, but we age daily water consumption per household is about 1000 can be certain that the ability of the oceans to withstand gallons and, on the East Coast, the daily cost of that wa and absorb pollutants is not unlimited and, therefore, in ter is $2-$3. As some 60% of the discharged pollutants ternational regulation of these discharges is essential. In (sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers, pesticides, leachings terms of international regulations, we are just beginning from landfills and mines) reenter the water supplies, there to develop the required new body of law. is a direct relationship between the quality and cost of sup Protecting the global environment, protecting life on ply water and the degree of waste treatment in the up this planet, must become a single-minded, unifying goal stream regions. for all of us. The struggle will overshadow our differences, There seems to be some evidence that the residual chlo will give meaning and purpose to our lives and, if we suc rine from an upstream wastewater treatment plant can ceed, it will mean survival for our children and the gener combine in the receiving waters with industrial wastes to ations to come. form carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons, which can enter the drinking water supplies downstream. Toxic Bela G. Liptak chemicals from the water can be further concentrated Contributors Carl E. Adams, Jr. Stacy L. Daniels BSCE, MSSE, PhDCE, PE; Technical Director, BSChE, MSSE, MSChE, PhD; Development Engineer, Associated Water & Air Resources Engineers, Inc. The Dow Chemical Company Donald B. Aulenbach Frank W. DiHman BSCh, MS, PhDS; Associate Professor, BSChE, MSChE, PhD, PE; Bio-Environmental Engineering, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Rutgers University Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Wayne F. Echelberger, Jr. Joseph L. Bollyky BSCE, MSE, MPH, PhD; Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Notre Dame Jerry L. Boyd Ronald G. Gantz BSChE; Senior Process Engineer, Thomas F. Brown, Jr. Continental Oil Company BSAE, ElT; Assistant Director, Environmental Engineering, Commercial Solvents Corp. Louis C. Gilde, Jr. BSSE; Director, Environmental Engin.eering, RobertD. Buchanan Campbell Soup Company BSCE, MSCE, PE; Chief Sanitary Engineer, Bureau of Indian Affairs Brlan L. Goodman BS, MS, PhD; Director, Technical Services, Don E. Burns Smith & Loveless Division, Ecodyne Corp. BSCE, MSCE, PhD-SanE; Senior Research Engineer, Eimco Corp. Negib Harfouche PhD; President, NH Environmental Consultants Larry W. Canter BE, MS, PhD, PE; R. David Holbrook Sun Company Chair of Ground Water Hydrology, BSCE, MSCE; Senior Process Engineer, I. Kriiger, Inc. University of Oklahoma Sun-Nan Hong George J. Crits BSChE, MSChE, PhD; Vice President, Engineering, BSChE, MSChE, PE; Technical Director, I. Kriiger, Inc. Cochrane Division, Crane Company Derk T. A. Huibers Donald Dahlstrom BSChE, MSChE, PhDChE, FAIChE; Manager, PhDChE; Vice President and Director of Research & Chemical Processes Group, Union Camp Corp. Development, Eimco Corp. Frederick W. Keith, Jr. Bernardo Rico·Ortega BSChE, PhDChE, PE; Manager, Applications Research, BSCh, MSSE; Product Specialist, Pennwalt Corp. Pollution Control Department, Nalco Chemical Company Mark K. Lee Chakra J. Santhanam BSChE, MEChE; Project Manager, Westlake Polymers Corp. BSChE, MSChE, ChE, PE; Senior Environmental Engineer, Crawford & Russell, Inc. Bela G. Liptak E. Stuart Savage ME, MME, PE; Process Control and Safety Consultant, President, Liptak Associates, P.C. BSChE, PE; Manager, Research and Development, Water & Waste Treatment, Dravco Corp. Janos Liptak Frank P. Sebastian CE, PE; Senior Partner, Janos Liptak & Associates MBA, BSME; Senior Vice President, Envirotech Corp. David H.F. Liu Gerald L. Shell PhD, ChE; Principal Scientist, J.T. Baker, Inc. a division of Procter & Gamble MSCE, PE; Director of Sanitary Engineering, Eimco Corp. Francis X. McGarvey Wen K. Shieh BSChE, MSChE; Manager, Technical Center, PhD; Department of Systems Engineering, Sybron Chemical Company University of Pennsylvania Thomas J. Myron, Jr. John R. Snell BSChE; Senior Systems Design Engineer, BECE, MSSE, DSSE, PE; President, The Foxboro Company John R. Snell Engineers Van T. Nguyen Paul L. Stavenger BSE, MSE, PhD; Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Long Beach BSChE, MSChE; Director of Technology, Process Equipment Division, Dorr-Oliver, Inc. Joseph G. Rabosky Michael S. Switzenbaum BSChE, MSE, PE; Senior Project Engineer, Calgon Corp. BA, MS, PhD; Professor, LeRoy H. Reuter Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MS, PhD, PE; Consultant University of Massachusetts, Amherst Contents 1 Sources and Characteristics 1 1.1 Nature of Wastewater 2 1.2 Sources and Effects of Contaminants 13 1.3 Characterization of Industrial Wastewater 24 1.4 Wastewater Minimization 34 1.5 Developing a Treatment Strategy 37 2 Monitoring and Analysis 41 2.1 Flow and Level Monitoring 43 2.2 pH, Oxidation-Reduction Probes and Ion-Selective Sensors 67 2.3 Oxygen Analyzers 81 2.4 Sludge, Colloidal Suspension, and Oil Monitors 94 3 Sewers and Pumping Stations 105 3.1 Industrial Sewer Design 106 3.2 Manholes, Catch Basins, and Drain Hubs 110 3.3 Pumps and Pumping Stations 116 4 Equalization and Primary Treatment 123 4.1 Equalization Basins 125 4.2 Screens and Communitors 132 4.3 Grit Removal 143 4.4 Grease Removal and Skimming 146 4.5 Sedimentation 151 4.6 Flotation and Foaming 158 4.7 Sludge Pumping and Transportation 162
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