Wastewater and shale formation development : risks, mitigation, and regulation PDF
Preview Wastewater and shale formation development : risks, mitigation, and regulation
WASTEWATER AND SHALE FORMATION DEVELOPMENT Risks, Mitigation, and Regulation © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. WASTEWATER AND SHALE FORMATION DEVELOPMENT Risks, Mitigation, and Regulation Edited by Sheila Olmstead, PhD © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150611 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-161-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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About the Editor SHEILA OLMSTEAD, PhD Sheila Olmstead, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Public Affairs at the LBJ School. Before joining the LBJ School, Dr. Olmstead was a Fellow (2010-2013) and Senior Fellow (2013) at Resources for the Future in Washington, DC, as well as an Associate Professor (2007–2010) and As- sistant Professor (2002–2007) of Environmental Economics at the Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, where she was the recipient of three teaching awards. Olmstead is an environmental economist whose current research projects examine the environmental ex- ternalities associated with shale gas development in the United States, reg- ulatory avoidance under the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act, the influence of federal fire suppression policy on land development in the American West, and free-riding in dam placement and water withdrawals in trans- boundary river basins. She has worked extensively on the economics of water resource management, focusing on water demand estimation, water conservation policy, and access to drinking water services among low- income communities. Climate and energy policy are additional topics of her research, especially with regard to the application of market-based en- vironmental policy instruments. Her research has been published in lead- ing journals such as the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Jour- nal of Urban Economics, and Water Resources Research. With Nathaniel Keohane, she is the author of the 2007 book Markets and the Environ- ment. Her research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of the Interior, World Bank, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Dr. Olmstead is a former member of the Board of Directors of the Association of Environ- mental and Resource Economists, and a member of the Advisory Board of the International Water Resource Economics Consortium. © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Contents Acknowledgment and How to Cite ..............................................................ix List of Contributors .....................................................................................xi Introduction .................................................................................................xv Part I: Water Use and Wastewater Production in Shale Gas Development 1. Source and Fate of Hydraulic Fracturing Water in the Barnett Shale: A Historical Perspective .........................................3 Jean-Philippe Nicot, Bridget R. Scanlon, Robert C. Reedy, and Ruth A. Costley 2. The Fate of Injected Water in Shale Formations ...................................27 Hongtao Jia, John McLennan, and Milind Deo 3. Spatial and Temporal Correlation of Water Quality Parameters of Produced Waters from Devonian-Age Shale Following Hydraulic Fracturing ...............................................................................41 Elise Barbot, Natasa S. Vidic, Kelvin B. Gregory, and Radisav D. Vidic Part II: Potential Environmental Effects of Fracking Wastewater 4. Shale Gas Development Impacts on Surface Water Quality in Pennsylvania .........................................................................................63 Sheila M. Olmstead, Lucija A. Muehlenbachs, Jhih-Shyang Shih, Ziyan Chu, and Alan J. Krupnick 5. Geochemical and Isotopic Variations in Shallow Groundwater in Areas of the Fayetteville Shale Development, North-Central Arkansas ..........................................................................81 Nathaniel R. Warner, Timothy M. Kresse, Phillip D. Hays, Adrian Down, Jonathan D. Karr, Robert B. Jackson, and Avner Vengosh 6. Radionuclides in Fracking Wastewater: Managing a Toxic Blend ....115 Valerie J. Brown © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. viii Contents Part III: The Quest for Mitigation 7. Optimal Well Design for Enhanced Stimulation Fluids Recovery and Flowback Treatment in the Marcellus Shale Gas Development using Integrated Technologies ...............................................................129 Richard Olawoyin, Christian Madu, and Khaled Enab 8. Co-Precipitation of Radium with Barium and Strontium Sulfate and Its Impact on the Fate of Radium during Treatment of Produced Water from Unconventional Gas Extraction ......................159 Tieyuan Zhang, Kelvin Gregory, Richard W. Hammack, and Radisav D. Vidic Part IV: Fracking Wastewater Regulations 9. Regulation of Water Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontally-Drilled Wells in the Marcellus Shale Region, USA .......183 Heather Hatzenbuhler and Terence J. Centner 10. Excerpt from: Refl ecting Risk: Chemical Disclosure and Hydraulic Fracturing ......................................................................199 Sara Gosman 11. Hydraulic Fracturing: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future? ...235 Jiangang Chen, Mohammed H. Al-Wadei, Rebekah C. M. Kennedy, and Paul D. Terry Author Notes ....................................................................................................259 Index .................................................................................................................261 © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Acknowledgment and How to Cite The editor and publisher thank each of the authors who contributed to this book. The chapters in this book were previously published elsewhere in various formats. To cite the work contained in this book and to view the individual permissions, please refer to the citation at the beginning of each chapter. Each chapter was read individually and carefully selected by the editor; the result is a book that provides a nuanced look at the wastewater issues associated with shale gas development. The chapters included are divided into four sections, which describe the following topics: • In Part 1, chapters 1, 2, and 3 were selected for their focus on water use and the fate of injected water. The articles consider two very different shale plays (the Marcellus in chapters 1 and 3, and the Barnett, in chapter 2), with completely different water sourcing and wastewater disposal options, which offers the reader a more comprehensive summary of the state-of-the- science. • In Part 2, which focuses on the environmental impact of hydrofacturing wastewater, chapters 4 and 5 were selected to give research-based analysis from objective sources on the impact of fracking wastewater on surface and ground water. Chapter 6 defines the problem of naturally occurring radioac- tive material in shale wastewater, which will be discussed further in Part 3’s discussion of mitigation techniques. • In Part 3, chapters 7 and 8 provide research on methodologies and tech- nologies that offer solutions to the problems of fluid recovery in terms of flowback treatment, as well as treatments to deal with radioactivity in shale wastewater. • In Part 4, chapters 9 and 10 discuss the legal issues and their connections to scientific research, as well as their implications for future environmental and economic consequences. Chapter 10 provides important information on U.S. states’ individual regulations, since the states are such key players in oil and gas regulation. • Chapter 11 is useful as a summary conclusion, restating factors discussed throughout the book at a simplified level and connecting the scientific, en- vironmental, and regulatory issues at stake. © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
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