Waste Management

711 Pages·1997·16.14 MB·English

by  Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Bilitewski, Dipl.-Ing. Georg Härdtle, Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Marek (auth.)

Waste Management
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Bernd Bilitewski . Georg Härdtle
Klaus Marek
Waste Management
Translated and Edited by
A. Weissbach and H. Boeddicker
With 356 Figures and 126 Tables
t
Springer
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Bilitewski and
INTECUS Technical University of Dresden
Ingenieurgesellschaft Head of the Institute of Waste
für technischen Umweltschutz Management and Remediation
Pohlandstrasse 17 Mommsenstr. 13
01309 Dresden, Germany 01062 Dresden, Germany
Dipl.-Ing. Georg Härdtle Translators:
Dipl.-Ing. Klaus Marek
Annette Weissbach
INTECUS
E302 Pi ne Grove Road
Ingenieurgesellschaft
Luxemburg, WI 54217, USA
für technischen Umweltschutz
Stieffring 7 Hennig Boeddicker
13627 Berlin, Germany 913 Chicago Street
Green Bay, WI 54301, USA
Cover illustration: Klaus J. Fischer, Christian Gorr
Title of the German edition:
Abfallwirtschaft. Eine Einführung
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1994
ISBN 978-3-642-08212-2 ISBN 978-3-662-03382-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3 -662-03 3 82-1
CIP Data applied for
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Eirtheitsaufnahme
Bilitewski, Bernd:
Waste management: with 126 tables/Bernd Bilitewski; Georg
Härdtle; Klaus Marek. Trans!. and ed. by A. Weissbach and H.
Boeddicker. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona;
Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara;
Singapore; Tokyo; Springer, 1996
Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Bilitewski, Bernd: Abfallwirtschaft
NE: Härdtle, Georg:; Marek, Klaus:
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication
or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965,
in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are
liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1997.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,
even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws
and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover design: H. Struve & Partner, Heidelberg
Typesetting: Scientific Publishing Services (P) Ud, Madras
SPIN: 10085971 6113020/SPS - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
1 Introduetion to Waste Management in Germany .............. 1
1.1 History of Waste Management ........................ 1
1.2 Principles and Measures of Environmental Poliey .......... 7
1.2.1 Basic Principles ............................... 7
1.2.2 Instruments for Environmental Policy .............. 8
1.3 Legal Basis for Environmental Laws .................... 9
1.3.1 Basics ...................................... 9
1.3.1.1 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1.2 United States ........................... 10
1.3.2 The German Waste Act (AbfG) ................... 10
1.3.2.1 Goals ................................. 11
1.3.2.2 Definition of Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
1.3.2.3 Organization of Waste Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
1.3.2.4 Penalties Provided by Law ................. 12
1.3.3 Teehnical Guidance - Was te ..................... 13
1.3.4 Technical Guidance - Municipal Solid Waste ......... 13
1.3.5 Regulations Derived from the Waste Law . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3.6 Permits for Waste Treatment Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
1.3.7 Environmental Compatibility Test ................. 16
1.3.8 Recycling and Waste Act ........................ 16
1.3.9 Environmental Liability
and In-House Environmental Management. . . . . . . . . .. 18
1.3.9.1 Environmental Liability Act ................ 18
1.3.9.2 EU Eco-Audit Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 Waste .............................................. 21
2.1 Definition of Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
2.2 Waste Quantity Generation and Composition ............. 22
2.2.1 Household Waste, Bulky Waste,
and Household-like Commercial Waste in Germany . . .. 22
2.2.2 Commercial and Manufacturing Wastes ............. 28
2.2.3 Packaging Wastes ............................. 32
2.2.4 Hazardous Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34
2.2.5 Scrap Automobiles and Tires ..................... 39
2.2.6 Scrap Electronics .............................. 40
VI Contents
2.2.7 Sewage Sludge ................................ 42
2.2.8 Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste .......... 43
2.2.8.1 Generation of C&D Waste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
2.3 Factors Determining the Composition of Household,
Bulky, and Commercial Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
2.3.1 Impact of Container Size on Waste ................ 52
2.3.2 Waste Composition ............................ 56
2.3.3 Waste Quantity Fluctuation ...................... 59
2.3.4 Fluctuations in Density and Moisture Content ........ 61
2.3.5 Waste Particle Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
3 Collection, Transfer, and Transportation of Wastes
and Recyclables ....................................... 63
3.1 Implementation, Systems, and Organization .............. 63
3.1.1 Col1ection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
3.1.1.1 Col1ection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64
3.1.1.1.1 Simple Emptying Method ........... 65
3.1.1.1.2 Exchange Method ................. 65
3.1.1.1.3 One-Way Method ................. 65
3.1.1.1.4 Nonsystematic Col1ection ........... 66
3.1.1.1.5 Special Collection Systems. . . . . . . . . .. 66
3.1.1.2 Container Systems ....................... 67
3.1.1.2.1 Garbage Cans and Trash Barrels ...... 67
3.1.1.2.2 Large-sized Containers ............. 67
3.1.2 Transfer..................................... 70
3.1.2.1 Delivery ............................... 71
3.1.2.2 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71
3.1.2.3 Loading and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 74
3.1.2.4 Planning and Setup of Transfer Stations ....... 75
3.1.3 Transportation Systems ......................... 77
3.1.3.1 Road Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
3.1.3.1.1 Overhead Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
3.1.3.1.2 Compactors ..................... 81
3.1.3.1.3 Extended Transportation Vehicles . . . .. 82
3.1.3.2 Waste Transport by Rail .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85
3.1.3.3 Waste Transport by Ship .................. 86
3.2 Solid Waste and Recyclables .......................... 87
3.2.1 Recycling Systems ............................. 87
3.2.1.1 The German Dual System .................. 87
3.2.1.2 Recycling in the United Kingdom ............ 89
3.2.1.3 Recycling in Italy ........................ 89
3.2.1.4 Recycling in Brazil ....................... 90
3.2.1.5 Recycling in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 91
3.2.2 Organization of Household
and Bulky Waste Col1ection ...................... 95
3.2.3 Recovery of Recyclables from Household Waste . . . . . .. 96
3.2.3.1 Recyclables Recovery from Mixed Waste . . . . . .. 97
Contents VII
3.2.3.2 Separate Collection of Recyclables
from Household Waste .................... 97
3.2.3.2.1 Drop-off Systems ................. 102
3.2.3.2.2 Pick-up Systems (Curbside) ......... 105
3.2.3.2.3 Public Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
3.3 Liquid Was te and Sludges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111
3.3.1 Truck Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111
3.3.2 Filling and Draining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111
3.3.3 Container Systems ............................. 113
3.4 Hazardous Waste .................................. 113
3.4.1 Rules and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113
3.4.2 Container Systems ............................. 119
3.4.2.1 Containers for Solid and Pasty Hazardous Waste. 120
3.4.2.2 Containers for Hazardous Waste Liquids
and Sludges ............................ 120
3.4.3 Treatment Facilities and Intermediate Storage ........ 121
3.4.4 Household Hazardous Waste ..................... 123
4 Waste Treatment ...................................... 127
4.1 Incinerators for MSW and Commercial Waste. . . . . . . . . . . .. 128
4.1.1 Design of a Conventional MSW Incinerator .......... 129
4.1.2 Waste Receiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
4.1.3 Storage, Preprocessing and Charging ............... 130
4.1.4 Combustion Process of Grate Firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133
4.1.4.1 Grate Firing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135
4.1.4.2 Fluidized-Bed Incinerators ................. 139
4.1.4.3 Incinerators with Integrated Slag-
and Particulate Vitrification ................ 140
4.1.5 Incinerator Slag Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 144
4.1.6 Boiler and Waste Heat Recovery .................. 146
4.1.6.1 Design Criteria .......................... 146
4.1.6.2 Types of Boilers ......................... 146
4.1.6.3 Erosion and Corrosion
in the Combustion Chamber .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
4.1.6.4 Waste Heat Recovery ..................... 150
4.1.7 Emission Control: Flue Gas Scrubbing .............. 152
4.1.7.1 Flue Gas Quantity and Composition .......... 152
4.1.7.2 Collection of Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152
4.1.7.3 Physical and Chemical Principles
for the Removal of Gaseous Pollutants ........ 154
4.1.7.4 Removal of Acidic Pollutants ............... 155
4.1.7.5 Dentrification ........................... 158
4.1.7.6 Dioxins and Furans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 159
4.1.7.7 Treatment of Slag, Ashes,
and Incineration Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161
4.1.8 Control and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166
4.2 Hazardous Waste Incinerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168
VIII Contents
4.2.1 Storage, Pretreatment, and Charging ............... 168
4.2.2 Incinerator Furnaces ........................... 169
4.3 Incineration of Other Waste .......................... 173
4.3.1 Incineration of Sewage Sludge .................... 173
4.3.2 Incineration of Straw and Wood .................. 175
4.3.2.1 Straw ................................. 175
4.3.2.2 Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
4.4 Pyrolyzation and Gasification of Waste .................. 179
4.4.1 Pyrolysis .................................... 180
4.4.1.1 Input Materials and Pyrolysis Products ........ 181
4.4.1.2 Marketability of Pyrolysis Products . . . . . . . . . .. 181
4.4.2 Gasification .................................. 182
4.4.2.1 Fundamentals of Waste Gasification .......... 182
4.4.2.2 Input Materials and Gasification Products . . . . .. 183
4.4.2.3 Marketability of Products .................. 183
4.4.3 Environmental Considerations .................... 183
4.4.3.1 Pyrolysis Gas ........................... 184
4.4.3.2 Pyrolysis Wastewater ..................... 185
4.4.3.3 Solid Residues .......................... 186
4.4.3.4 Organie Contaminants .................... 186
4.5 Hydrogenation and Hydrolysis ........................ 186
4.6 Drying Methods ................................... 189
4.6.1 Sewage Sludge Drying Pro ces ses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
4.6.1.1 Contact Dryers .......................... 193
4.6.1.2 Convection Dryers ....................... 196
4.6.1.3 Examples of Sludge Drying Processes ......... 200
4.6.2 Other Drying Methods .......................... 202
4.7 Biologieal Treatment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 202
4.7.1 Composting Methods .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203
4.7.1.1 Fundamentals of Composting ............... 203
4.7.1.1.1 Material Characteristies . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203
4.7.1.1.2 Process Requirements .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 205
4.7.1.1.3 Biologieal Characteristies,
Energy Conversion During Degradation. 206
4.7.1.1.4 Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208
4.7.1.2 Graphie Representation
of a Biowaste Composting Facility . . . . . . . . . . .. 209
4.7.1.2.1 Waste Receiving, Storage, Proportioning 210
4.7.1.2.2 Biowaste Processing ............... 212
4.7.1.2.3 Composting Techniques ............ 214
4.7.1.2.4 Post-treatment and Packaging . . . . . . .. 220
4.7.1.3 Biodegradation of MSW ................... 222
4.7.1.3.1 Biowaste Composting .............. 223
4.7.1.3.2 Sewage Sludge Composting . . . . . . . . .. 224
4.7.1.3.3 Degradation/Composting
of Residual Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226
4.7.1.4 Marketing of the Finished Product ........... 227
Contents IX
4.7.l.4.1 Compost Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 227
4.7.1.4.2 Marketing Opportunities
and Application of Compost ......... 231
4.7.2 Anaerobic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 232
4.7.2.1 Principles of Anaerobic Fermentation ......... 233
4.7.2.1.1 Biochemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233
4.7.2.l.2 Substrate Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . .. 234
4.7.2.l.3 Process Parameters ................ 235
4.7 .2.2 Variations of the Process .................. 236
4.7.2.2.1 Dry Fermentation Processes ......... 236
4.7.2.2.2 Single-Stage Wet Fermentation ....... 238
4.7.2.2.3 Two-Stage Wet Fermentation ........ 239
4.7.2.3 End-Products ........................... 241
4.7.2.3.1 Biogas.......................... 241
4.7.2.3.2 Compost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 244
4.7.2.4 Emissions .............................. 245
4.7.2.4.1 Air Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 245
4.7.2.4.2 Water Pollution .................. 245
4.8 Chemie al and Physical Treatment Processes .............. 245
4.8.1 Emulsion Separation ........................... 245
4.8.1.1 Treatment of Emulsions
with Chemical/Physical Processes ............ 247
4.8.l.2 Thermal Treatment of Emulsions ............ 247
4.8.2 Distillation and Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 249
4.8.3 Neutralization ................................ 250
4.8.3.1 Neutralization of Acidic and Caustic Wastewater
and Sludges ............................ 250
4.8.3.2 Neutralization Treatment Processes . . . . . . . . . .. 251
4.8.4 Detoxification ................................ 252
4.8.4.1 Chromate (Chromium +6) Detoxification .. . . . .. 252
4.8.4.2 Cyanide Detoxification .................... 253
4.8.4.3 Nitrite Detoxification ..................... 255
4.8.5 Resource Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 255
4.8.6 Example of a Chemical/Physical Treatment Facility .... 257
5 Waste Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 259
5.1 Sanitary Landfill ................................... 260
5.1.1 Classification of Landfills ........................ 261
5.l.1.1 Types of Landfills ........................ 261
5.l.l.2 Types of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264
5.1.2 Landfill Siting ................................ 266
5.l.2.1 Rules and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266
5.1.2.2 Site Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267
5.l.3 Landfill Equipment, Construction, and Operation. . . . .. 270
5.l.3.1 Landfill Liners .......................... 273
5.l.3.1.1 Composite Liners (Class II Landfill) ... 274
5.l.3.1.2 Clay Liners (Class I Landfills) ........ 274
X Contents
5.1.3.1.3 Soll Cap/Final Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 275
5.1.3.1.4 Limitations of Synthetic and Clay Liners 279
5.1.3.2 Leachate Collection and Treatment ........... 283
5.1.3.2.1 Leachate Balance and Quality ........ 283
5.1.3.2.2 Leachate Collection
and Treatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . .. 289
5.1.3.2.3 Leachate Treatment Methods . . . . . . . .. 292
5.1.3.3 Landfill Gas Control ...................... 299
5.1.3.3.1 Gas Balance ..................... 300
5.1.3.3.2 Design and Construction
of Landfill Gas Collection Systems . . . .. 302
5.1.3.3.3 Landfill Gas Scrubbing and Treatment.. 304
5.1.3.3.4 Methods of Landfill Gas Recovery . . . .. 311
5.1.3.3.5 Flaring of Landfill Gas ............. 312
5.1.3.4 Landfill Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 314
5.1.3.4.1 Landfill Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 315
5.1.3.4.2 Health Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 318
5.1.3.5 Capping and Reclamation of Landfills ......... 319
5.1.3.5.1 Capping Methods ................. 319
5.1.3.5.2 Ultimate Uses of Reclaimed Landfills . .. 321
5.1.4 Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfills ......... 322
5.1.4.1 Above-Ground Landfills ................... 323
5.1.4.1.1 Site Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
5.1.4.1.2 Landfill Base Liners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325
5.1.4.1.3 Landfill Cover Systems ............. 327
5.1.4.1.4 Reactions of Landfill Waste Components 328
5.1.4.1.5 Requirements on Waste Characteristics . 330
5.1.4.1.6 Landfill Management Requirements . . .. 330
5.1.4.2 Underground Disposal Facilities
in Mined Evaporite (Halite) Deposits
or Salt Domes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 332
5.1.4.2.1 Site Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 336
5.1.4.2.2 Characteristic Requirements
for the Waste to Be Disposed of ...... 337
5.1.4.2.3 Management Requirements . . . . . . . . .. 338
6 Waste Recycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 339
6.1 Processing Fundamentals ............................ 339
6.1.1 Size Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 342
6.1.1.1 Hammer Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 342
6.1.1.2 Impact Crushers ......................... 344
6.1.1.3 Chippers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 346
6.1.1.4 Cascade Mills ........................... 347
6.1.1.5 Rasp Mills ............................. 348
6.1.1.6 Jaw Crusher ............................ 349
6.1.2 Classification ................................. 349
6.1.2.1 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 351
6.1.2.2 Air Classifiers ........................... 355