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Waste composting for urban and peri-urban agriculture: closing the rural-urban nutrient cycle in sub-Saharan Africa PDF

243 Pages·2001·1.495 MB·English
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Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page i WASTE COMPOSTING FOR URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE Closing the Rural–Urban Nutrient Cycle in Sub-Saharan Africa Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page iii Waste Composting for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture Closing the Rural–Urban Nutrient Cycle in Sub-Saharan Africa Edited by Pay Drechsel International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Subregional Office Ghana and Dagmar Kunze Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Regional Office for Africa Ghana Published by International Water Management Institute Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations CABIPublishing Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page iv © 2001 by IWMI and FAO. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Waste composting for urban and peri-urban agriculture : closing the rural-urban nutrient cycle in sub-Saharan Africa / edited by Pay Drechsel, Dagmar Kunze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-85199-548-9 (alk. paper) 1. Compost--Africa, Sub-Saharan. Ι.Drechsel, Pay. ΙΙ. Kunze, Dagmar. S661 .W35 2001 631.8’75’0967--dc21 00-052905 Published jointly by: CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 10 E 40th Street Wallingford Suite 3203 Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 212 481 7018 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 212 686 7993 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org International Water Management Institute (IWMI)* POBox 2075 Colombo, Sri Lanka Web site: www.IWMI.org Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy Tel: +39 06 57051 Fax: +39 06 57053152 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.fao.org CABI Publishingis a division of CAB International ISBN 0 85199 548 9 (CABI) ISBN 92 5 104591 7 (FAO) Typeset in Photina by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Water Management Institute concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ economies are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country, territory or area in the development process. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Water Management Institute. *In April 2001, the research programme of the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM) was merged into the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). This volume is based mainly on papers presented at an international IBSRAM–FAO workshop on urban and peri-urban agriculture held in Accra, Ghana, from 2 to 6 August 1999. The local co-host was the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA). The workshop was carried out with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page v Contents Contributors vii Acknowledgements xi Foreword xiii Introduction xv 1 The Potential Use of Waste-stream Products for Soil Amelioration in Peri-urban Interface Agricultural Production Systems 1 P.J.C. Harris, M. Allison, G. Smith, H.M. Kindness and J. Kelley 2 Economic, Sociocultural and Environmental Considerations 2.1 The Economic Viability of Organic Waste Composting 29 R.G. Niemeyer, H. Litterscheid and S. Sanders 2.2 Assessing Farmers’ Perceptions of Organic Wastes as Nutrient Sources 43 P. Drechsel, C. Quansah and S. Asante-Mensah 2.3 Environmental Concerns of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture: Case Studies from Accra and Kumasi 55 E. Mensah, P. Amoah, P. Drechsel and R.C. Abaidoo 3 Turning Urban Waste into Fertilizer for Urban and Peri- urban Farmers: Case Studies from East and West Africa 3.1 Ibadan Turning Municipal Waste into Compost: the Case of Ibadan 69 T. Agbola Urban Vegetable Production in Lagos and Ibadan 82 M.A.O. Oladokun v Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page vi vi Contents 3.2 Accra Turning Municipal Waste into Compost: the Case of Accra 84 I. Etuah-Jackson, W.P. Klaassen and J.A. Awuye 3.3 Kumasi Farming Systems and Farming Inputs in and around Kumasi 96 K. Nsiah-Gyabaah and M. Adam An Integrated Waste Management Strategy for Kumasi 112 L. Salifu 3.4 Dar es Salaam Linking (Peri-)urban Agriculture and Organic Waste Management in Dar es Salaam 115 S. Kiango and J. Amend 3.5 Lomé Urban Agriculture in Lomé 129 M.E.A. Schreurs and H. Van Reuler Adding Value to Compost from Urban Household and Market Refuse in Lomé 133 A. Kessler and J. Helbig 3.6 Optimizing Nutrient Recycling and Urban Waste Management – New Concepts from Northern Europe 137 J. Magid, A. Dalsgaard and M. Henze 4 Modelling Urban and Peri-urban Biomass and Nutrient Flows 4.1 Assessing the Potential of Organic Waste Recycling through the Analysis of Rural–Urban Carbon Fluxes 141 C. Binder and N. Patzel 4.2 The Potential of Co-composting in Kumasi – Quantification of the Urban and Peri-urban Nutrient Balance 150 C. Leitzinger 4.3 Estimating Rural–Urban Nutrient Flows for Mega-cities 163 J. Færge, J. Magid and F. Penning de Vries 4.4 Monitoring Nutrient Flows and Economic Performance in African Farming Systems: the NUTMONApproach and its Applicability to Peri-urban Agriculture 176 H. Van den Bosch, D. Eaton, M.S. Van Wijk, J. Vlaming and A. De Jager 4.5 Definition and Boundaries of the Peri-urban Interface: Patterns in the Patchwork 193 M. Adam 5 Urban Agriculture: International Support and Capacity Building in Africa 209 C.J. Sawio, L. Spies and D. Doucouré 6 Research and Development Priorities 219 P. Drechsel and D. Kunze Index 225 Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page vii Contributors Abaidoo, R.C. Department of Biological Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Adam, M. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; present address: Gundulf’s Meadow, 181 Offham Road, West Malling, Kent ME19 6RF, UK Agbola, T.Center for Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ibadan, PO Box 26970, Agodi Post Office, Ibadan, Nigeria Allison, M. Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK Amend, J.Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, German Technical Co-operation (GTZ), PO Box 31311, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Amoah, P. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (formerly of International Board for Soil Research and Management; IBSRAM), Ghana Subregional Office for West Africa, c/o Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Asante-Mensah, S. Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Awuye, J.A. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Waste Management Department (WMD), PO Box 1269, Accra, Ghana Binder, C.Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EAWAG), PO Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Dalsgaard, A.Department for Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark De Jager, A.Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box 29703, The Hague, The Netherlands vii Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page viii viii Contributors Doucouré, D.African Institute of Urban Management (IAGU), PO Box 7263, Dakar, Senegal Drechsel, P.International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (formerly of International Board for Soil Research and Management; IBSRAM), Ghana Subregional Office for West Africa, c/o Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Eaton, D. Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box 29703, The Hague, The Netherlands Etuah-Jackson, I. GROWTH Integrated Development Programmes (NGO), PO Box CT.4727, Accra, Ghana Færge, J. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Harris, P.J.C. School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK; Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK Helbig, J. Humboldt-University of Berlin, College of Agriculture and Horticulture, Department of Phytomedicine, Lentzeallee 55–57, D-14195 Berlin, Germany Henze, M. Department for Environmental Science and Engineering, B 115, Danish Technical University, DK- Lyngby 2800, Denmark Kelley, J.CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK Kessler, A. Humboldt-University of Berlin, Institute of Agricultural Sociology, Luisenstrasse 53, D-10099 Berlin, Germany Kiango, S. Urban Vegetable Promotion Project, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, PO Box 31311, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Kindness, H.M. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK Klaassen, W.P.GROWTHIntegrated Development Programmes (NGO), PO Box CT.4727, Accra, Ghana Kunze, D. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Ghana Regional Office for Africa, PO Box 1628, Accra, Ghana Leitzinger, C. Entsorgung + Recycling Zürich (ERZ), Baendlistrasse 108, CH-8010 Zurich, Switzerland Litterscheid, H. GFA-Infrastruktur und Umweltschutz GMBH, Königs- wintererstrasse827, D-53227 Bonn, Germany Magid, J. Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark Mensah, E. Agricultural Engineering Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Niemeyer, R.G. GFA-Infrastruktur und Umweltschutz GMBH, Königs- wintererstrasse 827, D-53227 Bonn, Germany Nsiah-Gyabaah, K.Sunyani Polytechnic, PO Box 206, Sunyani, Ghana Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page ix Contributors ix Oladokun, M.A.O. Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture, PM Box 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria Patzel, N. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EAWAG), PO Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Penning de Vries, F. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (formerly of International Board for Soil Research and Management; IBSRAM), PO Box 9-109, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Quansah, C. Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Salifu, L. Urban Environmental Sanitation (Urban IV) Project, Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly, PO Box 1916, Kumasi, Ghana; present address: Water and Sanitation Program, Africa Region, The World Bank, POBox 30577, Nairobi, Kenya Sanders, S. GFA-Infrastruktur und Umweltschutz GMBH, Königs- wintererstrasse 827, D-53227 Bonn, Germany Sawio, C.J. University of Dar es Salaam, PO Box 35049, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Schreurs, M.E.A. International Institute for Soil Fertility Management (IFDC-Africa), PO Box 4483, Lomé, Togo Smith, G. Henry Doubleday Research Association, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3LG, UK Spies, L. Technikon Pretoria, PB X680, Pretoria 0001, Republic of South Africa Van den Bosch, H. Alterra Green World Research, PO Box 125, 6700AC Wageningen, The Netherlands Van Reuler, H. International Institute for Soil Fertility Management (IFDC- Africa) PO Box 4483, Lomé, Togo Van Wijk, M.S.Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), PO Box 29703, The Hague, The Netherlands Vlaming, J. Alterra Green World Research, PO Box 125, 6700AC Wageningen, The Netherlands Waste Comp prelims 17/9/01 3:24 PM Page xi Acknowledgements Several people and institutions have contributed directly or indirectly to this document. Among those who have offered particular assistance and inspira- tion are Frits Penning de Vries at IWMI (formerly IBSRAM) and Rachel Nugent, Doyle Baker and other colleagues from the working group on urban and peri-urban agriculture at FAO’s Headquarters. We are also grateful to Racim Sant’Anna and his agriculture group at FAO’s Regional Office for Africa; Robin Leslie, language and style editor, and his team at the former IBSRAM Headquarters; and the research group at IWMI’s Africa Office in Kumasi, Ghana. We are much obliged to all authors for their contributions including those derived from the international workshop on urban and peri-urban agri- culture held in Accra in 1999 with the aid of grants from FAO, IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, and IBSRAM. Pay Drechsel Dagmar Kunze xi

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