Waste. A Handbook for Management

575 Pages·2011·19.009 MB·English

by  Trevor Letcher and Daniel Vallero (Eds.)

C H A P T E R
1
Trends in Waste Management
Valerie L. Shulman
European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA), Avenue de Tervueren 16, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
O U T L I N E
1. Introduction 3 3.1. ThePost-War Period 5
3.2. ThePeriod of Globalisation 7
2. The Catalyst for Change 4
4. Implementation and Progress 8
3. SustainableDevelopment: The Context
for Recycling 5 5. Interpretations 10
1. INTRODUCTION to the greater freedom of movement of money,
goods and people.
Wastemanagementandrecyclingareneither Population growth has taken precedence in
new concepts nor new activities. In fact, mate- termsofeconomicdevelopmentandthecreation
rials had been recycled long before the term ofwaste.Worldpopulationtrebledfromapprox-
was coined in the twentieth century. People imately 2 billion in 1925e2000, when it topped
have always seen value in items cast-off by 6 billion (see Box 1.1). The vast growth spurt
others. Witness the aphorism that ‘one’s trash has been attributed to the benefits of economic
isanother man’s treasure’. development, including improved healthcare,
Historically, waste management has been higherfertilityrates,lowerinfantmortalityand
inextricablylinkedwiththeevolutionofhuman long-life expectancy, primarily in developing
communities,populationgrowthandtheemer- countries.Caremustbetakenwhenusingsuch
gence and development of commerce. During globaldata.Forexample,lessdevelopednations
the past century, consumption and production haveexperiencedgrowthwithoutmanyofthese
patterns have changed radically e due in part benefits,thatis,theycontinuetoexperiencehigh
WasteDoi:10.1016/B978-0-12-381475-3.10001-4 3 (cid:1)2011ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
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1. TRENDSINWASTEMANAGEMENT
physically, economically, socially and environ-
BOX 1.1 mentally.Thewarhadbeen themostpervasive
military conflict in human history e over land,
POPULATION GROWTH
on the seas and in the air. Sixty-one countries
and many territories on six continents, as well
Year EstimatedPopulation
as all the world’s oceans, suffered devastating
3000BCE 14,000,000 damage and long-term social, economic and
2000BCE 27,000,000 environmental effects. Only the Western hemi-
1000BCE 50,000,000 sphere, parts of the Near East and sub-Saharan
500BCE 100,000,000 Africa wereunscathed.
200BCE 150,000,000 Wars are most notorious for their tolls on
1AD 200,000,000 humanpopulations,buttheyalsoseverelyaffect
1000AD 310,000,000 ecosystems. Rivers and lakes, jungles and
1804 1,000,000,000 forests and farmlands and deltas were obliter-
1925 2,000,000,000 ated e with dangerous wastes left behind.
1939 2,200,000,000 Hundreds of cities were demolished and many
1945 2,300,000,000 others rendered virtually uninhabitable. Infra-
1950 2,500,000,000 structure was decimated e bridges, roads and
1960 3,000,000,000 railroads were laid to waste e and rendered
1975 4,000,000,000 nonfunctional.
1988 5,000,000,000 Almost 60 million civilians and military
2000 6,000,000,000 personnelwerekilledandtensofmillionsmore
were seriously injured and/or permanently
maimed. War-induced famines took the lives of
more than 2 million more in Africa and Asia
[1]. Millionsremained homelessthroughoutthe
infant mortality because of poor nutrition and war-torn world.Thousandsmorewerecaptives
infectiousdiseases,whereaswealthiercountries offoreignnationseevenathome.
have advanced healthcare but have witnessed According to the International Registry of
an overall lower fertility rate e which endures Sunken Ships [2], more than 12,500 sunken
today. vessels including battleships, aircraft carriers,
Thepopulationexplosionhasexertedgreater destroyers, landing craft and more than 5000
pressures on production and consumption and merchantshipswerescatteredonoceanfloors.
indirectly the accumulation of waste. Over Governments estimate that more than 335,000
time, it has become apparent that the single aircraft were lost, primarily over Europe,
most important driving forces modifying the Asia and Africa [3]. Thousands of tonnes of
environment are population size and growth e unexploded ordnance including mines, bombs
and how man exploits available natural and various forms of ammunition litter
resources. seabeds, fields, jungles, caves and even home
gardens.
More than 60 years after the end of the war,
2. THE CATALYST FOR CHANGE experts estimate that it could take another
150 years to clear the detritus and neutralise
AttheendofWorldWarII,theworldwasin the hazardous content e which continue to
shambles from virtually every perspective: pose dire threats to the environment, humans
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
5
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT:THECONTEXTFORRECYCLING
andcreaturesintheseas,onlandandintheair. Signedon26June1945,theUNChartercame
In addition to military debris, every type of intoforceon24October1945,asaninternational
waste imaginable e from natural to synthetic organisation with the goal of providing a plat-
materials e including construction rubble, form for dialogue and cooperation among
plasticdebris,syntheticrubber,electronicequip- nationsinorder‘tosavesucceedinggenerations
ment and parts, transistors, microwave mate- from the scourge of war’. Inherent within the
rials, and synthetic fuels, among hundreds of Charter is the recognition that equal rights and
others, became the residue of the war e and self-determination are imperative for each
hadtobetreatedanddisposed. sovereign nation e large or small, wealthy or
Many of the products created for the ‘war poor, and must be supported. During the next
effort’havebecomethemostcommonproducts half-century, these concepts would pervade all
of today e with the same problems and issues aspectsofUNundertakingsefromdecolonisa-
surroundingtheirtreatmentanddisposal.Pesti- tion and economic development to environ-
cide formulations, such as the organophos- mental and waste issues.
phates, owe their basic chemical structures to Atitsinception,fiveinteractivethemeswere
chemical war agents. Petrochemical products identified: internationallaw,international secu-
also have grown substantially in response to rity, economic development, social progress,
warefforts.Inaddition,abandonedammunition and human rights. The infrastructure provided
dumps,practiceranges,andothermilitaryfacil- for six principal organs: the Trusteeship Coun-
itiescontinuetobevexinghazardouswastesites. cil,atheSecurityCouncil,theGeneralAssembly,
The definition of wartime waste is complex. the Economic and Social Council, the Interna-
For example, among the most harmful and tional Court of Justice and the Secretariat (see
tragicwastesareabandonedlandmines,which Fig.1.1).Eachorganisationhaditsownmission
continue to cause death and inflict harm long andobjectives,whichhaveevolvedovertimeto
after their initialuse. reflect currentissues andneeds.
Actions related to the environment, and by
extension to waste management, can best be
3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: described in terms of three broad periods: the
THE CONTEXT FOR RECYCLING post-war period (1945e1970); globalisation,
scientific and environmental awareness
As early as 1942, signatories to the Atlantic (1970e1990) and implementation and progress
Charterhadinitiateddiscussionsaboutanorga- (1990 to thepresent).
nisation that could replace the failed League of
Nations. Before the final guns were silenced,
3.1. The Post-War Period
world leaders had begun to prepare for the
future e one without war, in which disputes
Thepost-warperiodcanbedescribedasone
could potentially be resolved through discus-
of far-reaching political, social and economic
sion and cooperation. The structure and
changes.
substance of the United Nations was agreed
among 50 nations e with 51 available to sign it (cid:129) Governments wereresponsible for assessing
into international law. thewardamageeandinitiatingtheclean-up
aTheTrusteeshipCouncilwasabridgebetweentheLeagueofNations(LoN)andtheUnitedNationsewithalimitedbrief.
TheTrustterritorieswereformermandatesundertheLoNortakenfromnationsdefeatedattheendofWorldWarII.Once
itsmandatedresponsibilityfor11colonialcountrieshadexpiredin1994,Counciloperationsweresuspended.
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
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1. TRENDSINWASTEMANAGEMENT
Security General Economic and International
Secretariat
Council Assembly Social Council Court of Justice
Subsidiary Subsidiary Functional Specialised Departments
Bodies Advisory body Commissions Agencies 19 Other offices
Programmes Sustainable World Banks
Development
And Funds Group
Population &
OECD UNCTAD Development
10 Others
6 Others
UNEP
Regional
Basel Commissions
UNDP
Other
Bodies
8 others
Related
Research and Organisations
7
Training
FIGURE1.1 UnitedNations(UN)structureconcerningtheenvironment[4]isanadaptationoftheUNorganisationchart
toillustratetherelationshipsbetweenandamongthefivecurrentorgans.
and reconstruction of needed infrastructure, and morethan 80 once-colonised territories
homes, civil institutions,business and had gained independence, including those
industry. underthe Trusteeship Council.
(cid:129) The Organisation for EconomicCooperation (cid:129) By the end of1961,a Special Committee on
and Development(OECD) wasformed in Decolonisation was formed to aid 16 non-
1960with 20members, as anindependent Trusteeship countriesseekingsovereignty.
forumfor industrialised democracies to (cid:129) Withself-determination came new
study and formulateeconomic andsocial responsibilities and social commitments
strategies that couldinvolve developing requiringinteractionsbetweenwealthierand
nations.Today,31membercountriesfocuson poorernations(oftendescribedas‘north’and
environmental,economicandsocialissuesto ‘south’). Self-determinationbecame
institutionaliseand integrate sustainable increasingly important as developing
development conceptsinto national policy countriessought a strongerrole in global
and strategies. Itsprojectsarediverse, economics.
ranging fromsustainablematerials (cid:129) TheUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeand
managementto corporate responsibility and Development(UNCTAD)wasformedin1964
climate change. as a permanentbody of theUnited Nations
(cid:129) By mid-1961, almost 750 millionpeoplehad dealing with trade, investment and
exercisedtheirright to self-determination, development issues. Itsupportsthe
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
7
SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT:THECONTEXTFORRECYCLING
integration ofdeveloping countries into the sound policies and practices,coordinate the
world economy e ensuring that domestic development ofenvironmental policy
policy andinternational action toward consensus andkeep environmental impacts
sustainabledevelopment do notclash.It underreview. Asawarenessof cross-border
helpsto assessthe needs of the least pollution grew, nations established
developed countriesin trade relationships, agreementswith neighbouring states and
forexample,north versus south and institutedaseriesoftreaties,conventionsand
producers versus consumers. protocolsforcontrolling pollution and
similar problemsthat crossednational
The 25-year post-war period focused on
boundaries. International environment
clean-up and rehabilitation of affected areas.
conventions promoting science and
Vast quantities of wastes were collected e and
information drewgreatsupport andhelped
often shipped from wealthier to poorer nations
these nations to work in conjunction with
for disposal. The concept of self-determination
policy, guidelines and treatieson
came into play e and by the end of the period,
internationaltrade eparticularlyinterms of
poorer nations began to refuse acceptance of
hazardousmaterials e trans-boundaryair
externalwastes.
pollution andcontamination of waterways,
Aninfrastructurefordebatehadbeencreated
among others.
with the formation of OECD and UNCTAD. A
(cid:129) The Basel Convention created in 1989 under
principal outcome was the establishment of
UNEP, filled the gap between existing
a system of organisations that had the capacity
mandates that facilitate and monitor world
toactinunisontoestablishaworldwidemech-
trade, on the one hand, and those that are
anism to attain peace, as well as economic and
concerned with sound environmental
social stability. There was a keen awareness of
practices, on the other. The mission of the
the relationships between policy, trade,
Basel Convention is to monitor the trans-
economic development and environmental
boundary movements and management of
impacts.
wastes to ensure their environmentally
sound treatment and disposal and to
providesupporttogovernmentsbyassisting
3.2. The Period of Globalisation
them to carry out national sustainable
The period of globalisation can be described objectives.
as one of the rapid scientific and technological
Duringthenext20years,theseorganisations
innovation, coinciding with the creation of the
undertook an exhaustive awareness campaign
United Nations Environment Programme
to draw the support of national and local
(UNEP) and the Basel Convention. Commercial
governments, non-government organisations
globalisation exacerbated many environmental
(NGOs), industry and the public at large.
problems and highlighted the need for global
Trans-boundary movements of wastes required
solutions. Together, these bodies have assisted
the implementation of environmental manage-
poorer nations to become a driving force in
ment systems to evaluate the quantity and
worldeconomicdevelopment.
impact of emissions within the environment.
(cid:129) UNEP was formed in1972to smootha path New guidelines were created for the import/
for international agreements, with the export of wastes for recovery with OECD and
mission of assisting poorercountriesto Baselsupport.Thefocuswasontheprevention
developand implement environmentally andminimisationofwasteseledtothestudyof
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
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1. TRENDSINWASTEMANAGEMENT
the economics of waste e to identify barriers global authority on environmental issues. It
andfailures. was envisioned that UNEP would smooth the
way for international agreements e including
those between the wealthier northern and
4. IMPLEMENTATION AND poorersouthern countries.
PROGRESS Theglobaleconomicandsocialnatureofthe
plan led to the involvement of other organisa-
During the final years of the twentieth tionswithintheUNinfrastructure.Asdescribed
century, it became apparent that the unbridled in Box 1.2, these bodies provide the interna-
economic growth of the past could not be sus- tionalframeworkwithinwhichintra-andinter-
tained in future without irreparable damage to nationaltradeoccur,includingthemovementof
the environment. Discussions initiated during wastes.
the 1960s culminated in a proposal for change, By the 1992 UNCED meeting in Rio de
atthe global level. Janeiro, much of the groundwork had been
TheStockholmmeetingoftheUnitedNations completed. The infrastructuresfor both encom-
Conference on Environment and Development passing legislation and actions were in place.
(UNCED) in June 1972 is often marked as the Thegoaloftheconferencewastoproposealter-
criticalturningpointinthemovetowardsmore native strategies and actions that could be
sustainablegrowthpractices.Itsignalledabreak undertaken in the short- medium- and long-
fromthepastandthebeginningofanewera. term to ensure that consideration and respect
The goals of the conference were limited. for the environment would be integrated into
They were first, to introduce the concepts and every aspect of the development process. The
practices inherent in sustainability and second, BaselConventionprovidedthecommonframe-
to provoke sufficient concern and interest for work for the classification, management and
world leaders to make a commitment to de- treatment of waste. Briefly, waste was defined
link economic growth from negative environ- as follows:
mentalimpacts.
Simplystated,sustainabilityrequirespolicies ..substances or objects which are disposed of or
and actions that foster economic and social intended to be disposed of or are required to be
growth that meet current needs without detri- disposedofbytheprovisionsundernationallaw.
ment to the environment. The aim is to not
compromise the ability of future generations to Both the Basel Convention and the OECD
meet theirown needs. independently prepared catalogues of the
‘Environment’ was defined in the broadest substances, objects, materials, etc, which are
sense to include all of the conditions, circum- defined as waste and separated out those
stances and/or influences affecting develop- defined as hazardous or dangerous. A final list
ment. The specific issue was the improved contains those wastes that are not perceived to
management and use of natural resources, posearisktotheenvironmentorhumanhealth.
concentrating on the prevention and control of However,itisimportanttonotethatthelistsare
pollution andwaste. not mutually exclusive and that under certain
Delegatesadoptedtheprincipleandaccepted conditions,a‘waste’canandoftendoesappear
the challenge of implementing the sustainable on more than one list. Virtually every conceiv-
model of development for the twenty-first able material, product or residue is listed e
century. One of the most immediate results of those that are not specifically named fall under
the meeting was the creation of UNEP as the the rubric ‘other’.
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
9
IMPLEMENTATIONANDPROGRESS
BOX 1.2
INTERNATIONAL BODIES CONCERNED WITH WASTE
UNCED formulates strategies and actions involveddonotposeathreattotheenvironment
to stop and reverse the effects of environ- orhumanityinthereceivingcountry.
mental degradation and promote sustainable, UNEP is the designated authority on envi-
environmentally sound development in all ronmental issues at the global and regional
countries. levels.Itwascreatedtocoordinatethedevelop-
UNCTAD promotes trade between countries ment of environmental policy consensus and
with different social and economic systems and bringing emerging issues to the international
provides a centre for harmonising the trade communityforaction.
and development policies of governments and Basel Convention, under UNEP, is specifically
economicgroupings. concerned with the control of trans-boundary
OECDisapermanentbodyunderUNCTAD. movements of hazardous and other wastes and
It was created to assist in removing restrictions theirdisposal,fromOECDcountriestonon-OECD
and facilitating trade between and among countries. Furthermore, it is concerned with the
member and non-member countries, ensuring identificationofthoseproductsandmaterialsthat
thatthesubstances,materials,products,andsoon couldcausedamagetothereceivingcountries.
Thedefinitionandannexesservedasaguide of wastes and their returnwhen they are deliv-
fortrans-boundarymovementsofwaste,princi- eredin error.
pally for their environmentally sound manage- Oncetheframeworkwasestablished,various
ment. Examples of recovery and disposal tools were explored to assess their capacity for
operations were appended. Environmentally targeting potential environmental impacts. Life
sound management was broadly defined as cycle analysis (LCA) was selected as the most
follows: appropriate and effective tool for determining
the points at which the greatest environmental
..takingallpracticablestepstoensurethatwasteis
impactsoccur,thusmakingpossiblethesugges-
managedinamannerthatwillprotecthumanhealth
tionandselectionoflessdamagingoptions.For
and the environment against adverse effects which
mayresultfromsuchwaste. example,theapproachpermittedtheevaluation
of industrial outputs from the production or
Withinthecontextofthedefinitionsofwaste extraction of raw materials through the design
and its environmentally sound recovery and and manufacture of materials and products, as
disposal, the OECD laid down the provisions wellas during product use(seeChapter2).
for its trans-boundary movement and accep- Thedefinitions,annexesandprovisionswere
tance,withinandoutsidethemembercountries. accepted by the delegates. However, many of
Each country was invited to prepare a list of the participating countries also adapted the
those wastes that it would no longer accept for provisions to comply with national policy and
either recovery or disposal, due to lack of priorities.
appropriate treatment facilities, risks to human The most hazardous wastes and the most
health, among other reasons. Thus, procedures prevalent sources of pollution were targeted
were also established for the non-acceptance for immediate attention. Five priority waste
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
10
1. TRENDSINWASTEMANAGEMENT
streams were distinguished. In addition to the countries have enacted basic environment and
more general category of ‘household waste’, waste management legislation.
post-consumer tyres, demolition waste, used Reuse and recycling are again being inte-
cars, halogenated solvents and hospital waste grated into industrial activities. However, as
wereearmarked for action. theyareinterpretedtoday,theconceptsofreuse
and recycling are inextricably linked to the
production and management of waste and by
5. INTERPRETATIONS
extension, to its preventionand minimisation.
Reuseandrecyclinghaveevolvedintotwoof
Virtually every industry has come under
thefourpillarsthatsupportimprovedresource
scrutiny from mining to manufacturing and
management through the prevention of waste
healthcare. A raft of legislation has been
and the reuse, recycling and recovery of the
enacted, with the agreement and cooperation
wastes that do occur to achieve sustainable
of the partners. A horizontal framework was
developmental goals by reducing reliance on
established for waste management, including
natural resources.
definitionsandprinciples.Treatmentoperations
weredefinedverticallyetoincludethecontrol
References
oflandfill,incineration,etc.Abodyofstandards
iscurrentlybeingpreparedfortreatmentopera- [1] D. Reynolds, One World Divisible: A Global History
tions e through the International Standards Since1945,W.W.Norton&Company,NewYork,NY,
2000.
Organisation, with support from national stan-
[2] InternationalRegistryofSunkenShips,Saskatchewan,
dardsbodies. Canada; <http://www.shipwreckregistry.com/>;
Duringthe50yearssincetheinitiationofthe Accessedon26July2010(2010).
first discussions on sustainabledevelopment in [3] J.Ellis,WorldWarII:AStatisticalSurvey:TheEssential
the 1960s, legislation and actions have been FactsandFiguresforAlltheCombatants,FactsonFile,
NewYork,NY,1993.
put in place to ensure that governments work [4] UnitedNations,HistoryoftheUnitedNations.<http://
together with industry and the public at large. www.un.org/aboutun/unhistory/>; Accessed on 26
Today, the majority, if not all, UN member July2010(2010).
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT
C H A P T E R
2
Green Engineering and Sustainable
Design Aspects of Waste Management
Daniel A. Vallero
Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
O U T L I N E
1. Introduction 11 3.1. Efficiency 16
3.2. Utility and the Benefit/CostAnalysis 18
2. Paradigm Evolution 12
2.1. New Thinking 12 4. Sustainability 20
2.2. Traditional Facility Design 13 4.1. TheTragedyof the Commons 20
2.3. ComprehensiveApproach 14
5. Conclusions 21
3. Life Cycle Assessment 14
1. INTRODUCTION perspective, that is, waste streams should not
only be rendered less toxic and reusable, but
For most of the twentieth century, wastes ultimately completely eliminated.
were viewed predominately as inevitable Engineers and other waste managers have
byproducts of modern times. Waste generation begun to embrace waste minimization, pollu-
was a necessary reality associated with tionprevention,andothersystematicapproach,
economic development. Thus, addressing albeit incrementally. After all, these profes-
wastes was often a matter of reacting to prob- sionalsaregenerallyquitepractical,sotheshift
lemsastheyaroseindividuallyinasituationally toa“no-waste”paradigmhasbeenathoughtful
dependent way. However, the processes that one.Wehopethattheoptimisminourviewthat
lead to waste can beviewed much moreproac- someday the need for many of the chapters in
tively and systematically. It is best to prevent this book will be eliminated can be balanced
the generation of wastes in the first place. We with thepracticality thatevenwith waste elim-
have decided tobeginthis bookwith this latter ination, recycling, and pollution prevention,
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2. GREENENGINEERINGANDSUSTAINABLEDESIGNASPECTSOFWASTEMANAGEMENT
there will still be vast waste management chal- Waste management is more than landfills,
lenges inthe decades to come. incinerators, infrastructure, and other “built
forms.”Itrequiresaviewofthetotalityofmatter
and energy, with an eye toward ways to reduce
2. PARADIGM EVOLUTION “leakage” from the system. McDonough and
Braungart [1] captured quite well the need to
shiftthewasteparadigm:
Green design and sustainable approaches to
waste apply scientific principles to develop
objective-oriented, function-based processes. For the engineer that has always takendindeed
They considerevery element of a product’s life has been trained his or her entire life to takeda
traditional,linear,cradletograveapproach,focusing
cycle in a way that mutuallybenefits the client,
on “one-size fits-all” tools and systems, and who
the public, and the environment. Waste prod-
expectstousematerialsandchemicalsandenergyas
ucts can decreasein volume and mass as green heorshehasalwaysdone,theshifttonewmodels
designs replace traditional methods of andmorediverseinputcanbeunsettling.
manufacturing,use, and disposal.
Let us be clear at the outset about the In this new paradigm, waste management
entrenchment of product and system design begins long before any waste is generated. The
mind-sets that have relied on schemes steeped function drives the product, so the product is
in an exploitation rather than compatibility to be considered with respect to its potential
with nature. Designs of much of the past four life cycles. Such a viewpoint challenges
centuries have assumed an almost inexhaust- “single-purpose”thinking.Forexample,adeter-
ible supply of resources. Such inertia has gentmayberedesignedtobe“phosphatefree,”
been and will continue to be difficult to so that it does not contain one of the nutrients
overcome. that can lead to eutrophication of lakes, but
Wastes must be managed (and, ideally, this does not necessarily translate directly into
avoided) by means of applying the laws of anecologicallyacceptableproductifitslifecycle
science. The better these principles are under- includessteps that areharmful.
stood by the designer, the more likely that the Thephosphatewasteiseliminated.However,
productsdemandedbysocietycanbeproduced the life cycle view does not allow the product
and used predictably and sustainably. Strategic designer to rest with this simple substitution.
use of physical science laws must inform Could the substitute ingredient be extracted
designs andengineeringdecisions. and translocated by plant life in a way that
damages sensitive habitats, makes use of and
releases toxic materials in manufacture, and
2.1. New Thinking entails persistent chemical by-products that
remain hazardous in storage, treatment, and
New and emerging problems demand new
disposal?
approaches andways of thinking. Asevidence,
Examples are plentiful of substitutes wreak-
Albert Einstein has noted:
ing morehavoc than the products they replace.
DDT was replaced by the arguably more toxic
Thesignificantproblemswefacecannotbesolved pesticides, aldrin and dieldrin. Substituting
at the same level of thinking we were at when we
incineration for landfills can lead to the release
createdthem.1
1 AttributedtoA.Einstein,thisquoteappearsinnumerouspublicationswithoutasourceofcitation.
I.INTRODUCTIONTOWASTEMANAGEMENT