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MAGAZINE i s INSIDE Commencement j PLAYEROFYEAR -ShortstopCari Kinzenbaw'06ofLadorawasnamed Player of Pear AcademicAll-AmericaPlayerofthe Yearincollegiatesoftballatthe conclusionofthe2006season. a Q mm-sittiM sosui W ALL-AMERICAN-StephHowe'07ofClinton artburg softball shortstop Cari Kinzenbaw '06 hit a becamethefourthWartburgplayertoearn home run for women at Wartburg when she was NationalFastpitchCoachesAssociation All-Americanhonors. named Academic All-America Player of the Year in the collegiate division by ESPN the Magazine and the College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA). She is the first woman and second student-athlete in Wartburg history to receive the honor, joining men's basketball player Dan Nettleton '91, who won the award in 1991. Kinzenbaw's honor capped a season that saw the Knights softball team achieve its first 40-win season, a berth in the NCAA Division regional tournament and the program's III second Iowa Conference championship. Along the way, coach Kara Kehe '97 was named Iowa Conference Coach of the Year, pitcher Jackie Sorenson '06 of Tiffin earned Iowa Conference Player of the Year honors, and Steph Howe '07 of Clinton was named an All-American by the National Fastpitch Coaches Association. PhotosbyMarkAdkins MAGAZINE SUMMER2006 Volume22Number3 President 2 Dr.JackR.Ohie FEATURES Directorof CommunicationandMarketing LindaStullMoeller'66 12 NEWS Editor KarrisGolden'98 [email protected] 319-352-8277 21 SPORTS SportsEditor MarkAdkins'90 24 ProductionCoordinator ALUMNI NEWS LoriGuhlPoehler'75 MagazineArtDirector 36 LoriWallace CALENDAR WebDeveioper/Manager ChrisKnudson'01 Die Liste Gallonsofice creamconsumed atWartburglastyear; 3,702 Servings theaboveamount represents: 296,160 Part-timestudentemployees inWartburgDiningServices: 200(including 30 high WartburgMagazineispublished school students) quarterlybyWartburgCollege, 100WartburgBlvd.,P.O.Box1003, Mostpopularsoups servedatWartburg; FullyLoaded Potatoand Chicken Tortilla Waverly,lA50677-0903.Direct correspondencetotheeditor. Guests served in theDenand Konditorei lastyear; 399,474 Addresscorreaionsshouldbesent ReductioninMensa’spapernapkinusage sincedispenserswereplaced on tables: 1/3 totheAlumniOfficeore-mailed [email protected]. GOOEY-Ittookninegallonseachof MostpopularWartburgentree; TequilaLimeChicken catsup,mustardandmayonnaiseto makethepicturedcondimentslideatthe TRANSCRIPTS: 2006FoodOlympics. Toobtainanofficialcollege STUFFIT-The2006FoodOlympics transcript,contactthe includedeatingcontests. RegistrarsOfficeorcomplete anonlinerequestformat www.wartburg.edu/academics/ registrar/trreq.html.Thereisa $4feepertranscript,plusSi Alumni/Student Contributors tofaxthetranscript.Requests mustincludemaidenandall cy marriednamesused,aswellas birthdateand/orSocialSecurity number.Enclosereturnaddress 1A andpaymentwiththerequest. Kayla Alaina Ashley Luke Roland Dr.Susan L. Becker'08 Akkerman '06 Richards'08 Shanno'09 Ferrie'08 Kosche Vallem '66 STUDENTPHOTOGRAPHERS:KaylaBecker'08isanEnglisheducationmajorfromJesup;AshleyRichards'08isamathematicsmajorfromDuluth, Minn,;MollyRichards'06isacommunicationartsmajorfrom Duluth,Minn.;LukeShanno '09isacommunicationartsmajorfromCouncil Bluffs; RolandFerrie'08isacommunicationartsmajorfromCresco. ONTHE COVER-Karris Golden'98,writer/editorin communication and marketing, photographed graduating seniorsas membersofthefacultycongratulatedthemfollowing CommencementMay28. Forthestory, goto page 17. WARTBURG MAGAZINE SUMMER2006 1 YOU CAN FINANCE A COLLEGE EDUCATION through the It’s an unfortunate reality: Most oftoday’s college graduates enter theworkforce in debt. College Board reports the debt load ofthe typicalpublic university undergraduateat $15,500. For undergraduate students who borrow toattend private nonprofit institutions, the median debt is $19,400. Debts are even higherforgraduate students. “Anticipated debt levels should bevery influential to students when theymake theircollege decision,” explainsJenniferSassman, directoroffinancial aid. “Somestudents are debt conscious, byKarris Golden ’98 others are not. Several students focus on thegift assistance at one collegeversus anotherand that is it. To find the best value students need to broaden their rational for selectingacertain college.” Matt Lamos ’06 ofWaverlygraduated in Mayand says he carries roughly $5,000 in loandebt. He secured a 12-month internship with the new Hooters Casino Hotel inLas Vegas and willgain experience in all facets ofthe resort’s operation. “My debt load didn’t affect mypost-college job choice,” Lamos says. “With alittle saving, my loans aren’tgoing to beathreat to me.” Conversely, Lamos’ classmate, Ashley Weets ’06 ofLost Nation, says shefaces approximately WARTBURC5 MAGAZINE SUMMER2006 2 that by 2026 fouryears of criteria,” writes Tim college will cost more than Middleton, radio $275,000. Many parents fear commentatorand former theywon’t be able to afford DowJones News Service theprice tag. reporter. “Yes, riskierfunds Tips for Traditionalpensionplans do sometimes perform better, are becoming athing ofthe but the real way to improve financing a past. As a result, parents your results is to cut costs. college must save for theirown Consider the benefit of retirement, and theyare shaving yourcosts by education often advised tocontribute to 1 percent: Over 18 years, a thoseplans before allocating return of7 percent on an Makesureyouknowthetotal funds fortheir kids’ college investment of$100,000 is costofattendingyourtop education. $338,056-some 18.4 choice{s). “People say, Td like my percent more than the Don'tfollowthepack.Ahigh child togo toWartburg, but $285,480 a6percent return schoolseniormayletfriends influenceclothingchoicesand I wonder ifI’ll be able to delivers.” hairstyles,butwhereyougoto afford it,”’ says Dr. Edith Otherprepaid plans schoolshouldbeasindividual Waldstein ’73, vicepresident exist, too, allowing parents asyouare. forenrollment management. to lock in future tuition costs Pindowntheamountofgrant “It’s a statement we often at participating colleges and andscholarshipmoneyyou're heartoo often from alumni universities. The money in beingoffered.Anythingabove and families ofother suchplans, which allow thatamountmustbeworkedoff orrepaidatsomepoint. prospective students.” parents to save in a tax- Parents have turned in advantaged investment Don'tbuyintothehype.Many increasing numbers to accounts, is treatedas their wronglyassumeaparticular college savings plans. “If money. Under the federal aid collegeis"tooexpensive" basedonanecdotalinformation, you’ve been meaning to start formula, only 5.64percent of investigateyouroptions one, there’s no longerany parents’ money is expected to personallyandaskquestions. reason towait,” says go toward college expenses. Becauseofmanyfinancialaid Waldstein. According to options,educationcostsare muchmoremanageable. Every state has a 529 SavingforCollege.com, at $50,000 in collegedebt. “I college-savingsprogram that least 13 states offerprepaid Findouthowyourfinancialaid am going straight to allows tax-free contributions. plans. In addition, the willchangeoverthefouryears atcollege. graduate school,” sheadds. “I In thepast, theseprograms nonprofitTuition Plan decided togo tograduate used to carry high costs. Consortium offers prepaid Calculateyourdebtload.Don't school because ... I am still In recent years that has plans for 255 privatecolleges waituntilyoursenioryear in ‘school mode.’ Therefore, changed. Competition has and universities. beforeyouformulatealoan repaymentplan. I think it is best for me to drivendown fees, which Parents should start by keep onbeing astudent fora financial experts say is the investing early, when their Talkwithadmissions,financial couple more years.” most important selection children are young, says aidandbusinessofficersabout financingcollege. Continuing her factor. Someplans are now Waldstein. “Research the educationwill defer loan even cheaperthan various options,” she adds. Don'tmisstheboat repayment two years, which conventional mutual funds. “Talkwith financial advisers. academically.Oneofthemost she appreciates. Sheadds that Virginiamanages the largest Talkwith financial aid importantfactorsincollege admissionsishowwellyoudid shewill not accumulate more plan in the nation, with more directors and business officers incollegepreparationcourses. debt. “I have received an than $14 billion in assets. Its at colleges.” assistantship for my fees arecapped at 0.56 Like so many major -FromACTandMarketWatch program, so I do not have to percentofassets, about one- investments, it’s important payadime for(graduate third the costofa typical to look beyond the “sticker school)!” stock mutual fund. price” andweigh the Undergraduate tuition “When yougo shopping, investment in relation to the and fees continue to increase comparing investment valueofthe “product,” at arate higherthan results of529plans is less explains Waldstein. The inflation. Thereare warnings fruitful than using other impact ofstudent debt has WARTBURG MAGAZINE SUMMER2006 3 all or most ofcollege. The most common money Today, someparents believe saving scheme students that to be apainful myth. devise is to move into off- fDerek Solheim '93, Pathways Center However, Waldstein campus housing with -•^associate directorfor Career Services, says “good students” can several friends. provides seniors with facts aboutthejob take heart; ifyouwork But suchplans fail to ma^et, such as: hard, youwill receive some help students truly monitor sort ofcollegeassistance. theirspending, explains "'^#1^_pniy 1 in 10successfuljob candidateswill find “Ifyouare an PeterArmstrong, associate Jbthrouyn die Internet. outstanding, exceptional dean ofstudents and percentofall availablejobsare not student, there is agood directorofresidential life. srtised. chance that a largeportion Instead, students incorrectly ofthe tuition will bepaid,” calculate theirhousing, interviewers decide inthefirst30 ds iftheywantto hire a candidateor says Waldstein. “Ifyou are transportation, meals, simply a ‘good’ student clothing and entertainment #' (and don’t have alotof expenditures and mayfeel YiMJtfacademicmajorand high GPAare frequently less importantto employersthan financial need), youcould tempted to take on more excellentwritten andverbal communication get a scholarship, but it debt in an effort to financea skills, a positive "can do" attitude,team work likely won’t coverail of lifestyle that is beyond their skillsandtheabilitytothink onyourfeet. your tuition oreven means. anywhere close toall of Inotherwords, students your tuition.” don’t write “one big check,” Tuition, room and but they rack up a lot more become a major influence in make starting life in the board are typicallyeasy to expenses by writing lots of the college admissions real world aserious figure out, but you should little ones. process, she adds. problem. also include in your budget “There’s noquestion it’s TheNo. 1 deciding “It’s becoming an issue the cost ofbooks, travel cheaper ifyou’reeating factor should be fit, says increasingly, inpart due to and personal expenses, tomato soupandgrilled Sassman. “Once you’ve the rising tuition prices but Waldstein advises. cheese sandwiches,” says assessed that, pay attention also inpart due the culture Price shouldn’t be adeal Armstrong. “But time is to out ofpocket costs - ofdebt ourstudents are breaker, say most college money. A lotofstudents including loan -at one encouraged to enter. planning advisers. don’t factor in that ifyou’re institutionversus another. Students are, in fact, According toACT, an on a board plan, someone Total cost, minus gift practicing it,” Waldstein independent not-for-profit else shops forfood and assistance is your true out of explains. “Graduates today research and testing prepares your meals. pocket expense. Often have startling amounts of organization, students and Students tend tooverlook studentsget wowed by non-educational debt as parents sometimes group the fact thatphone service, theirscholarship and forget they leave college. While colleges and decide “all cable, computeraccess, to considercost. To take it a this would, on one hand, private colleges are too utilities and manyother step further, students appear to indicate they are expensive” or “all public expenses are built into the should consider their insensitive to issues ofdebt, universities are cheaper.” cost ofthe room.” anticipated salaries in I thinkon the front end, the However, once financial aid However, thegreatest relation to potential debt. admissions process, it is a offers come, families benefit to living on campus This type oflong-term bit more frightening. They discoverprivate colleges is social, Armstrong analysis will pay offin the hear it from theirparents, and public universities carry stresses. “There is future.” who are concerned about similarout-of-pocket documented proofthat Once students make being able topay fora expenses. students who liveon theircollege choice, credit college education.” campus generallydo better Hidden costs card vendors find them easy Previously, parents Some college students academically. Youhave the prey, Sassman warns. This believed that iftheirchild ability to be in closer try to take asizeable bite non-educational debt added was agood student, contactwith classmates and out oftheirdebt load by to educational debt can scholarships would pay for otherpeers.” decreasing livingexpenses. WARTBURG MAGAZINE SUMMER 2006 4 Often, students plan to rent off Forexample. Enterprise Rent- campus with friends. Yet even if A-CarandLockheed Martin expect friendships survive late rent checks, to hire more than 11,000 college Student loans impact alternate sleep schedules and the graduates forentry-level positions lifestyle choices significantotherwhowon’t leave or this year. contribute to rent, such Across the nation, most job The 2002 National Student Loan arrangements don’t fulfill all social offers are being made to those fSuoruvnedytchoantdaucstigendifbiycaNnetllniuemMbaeer needs. receiving degrees in financial of people repaying student loans “A studentwill tell me, ‘I’m service areas, accounting, changedtheir behaviordueto going to live with my best friend,’” engineeringand computerservices, theirdebt: Armstrongsays. “There’s no according to the National questionyoucando that off Association ofColleges and 17 percentsignificantly campus. But that’s all you’re living Employers, which has monitored changed career plans with. Oncampus, thereareother employment availability for college peoplewhoaredifferent, graduates for 50 years. 38 percentdelayed buying interesting, helpful-maybeeven a In addition to theoptimistic a home little bit quirky. But hey: Welcome hiring forecast for 2006 graduates, 30 percentdelayed buying to theworld.” the associationsurveyed employers a car and discovered that starting salaries College: a sound investment will be better, too. Agood student As debt payments loom, 21 percentdelayed having with adegree inaccounting could graduates facehard choices about children possibly earn $46,000-up jobs, housing and lifestyles. The Class of2006 can take heart: 5 percent over last year. 14 percentdelayed getting Employment experts say they will “I tell seniors that the job married seatch may often seem like graduate into the best job market in sixyears. attempting a journey into 13 percentdelayed moving uncharted territory full ofobscured outoftheir parents' home “For the third consecutive year, pathways and unseen risks,” theoverall job marker forentry Solheim says. “We are here in level collegegraduates has CareerServices to help cut through improved,” says Derek Solheim ’93, the tangle ofuncertainty Pathways Centerassociate director surrounding your first job search.” forCareerServices. “Collegegrads Kathryn Powell ’06 graduated are finding avarietyofcareer in Decemberand had a job waiting opportunities to pursue.” With baby boomers beginning at Quad/Graphics in Davenport. to retire, an economy rebounding There, she works as acorporate trainee and earns approximately from apost-Sept. 11 slump and a technology upturn after the 2000 $25,000 per year. dotcom bust, employers nationwide “I have about $15,500 in loan debt, and fortunately myparents expect to hire nearly 15 percent morecollegegraduates this year help me out,” she says. “I am than inMay 2005. definitelyappreciative!” Get started Log on at one ofthe following sites to get information about financing a college education: www.wartburg.edu/finaid/ www.independent529plan.org/ www.savingforcollege.com www.principal.com/PAGA WARTBURG MAGAZINE SUMMER2006 5 At.i -• I byLisErickson '97 WhenJenniferAuerbach, agraphicdesignerat Children’s Hospital ofDenver, learned she would hostaWartburg West intern, she didn’t realize the Iowastudent would prove invaluable. “Jolene Goerend ’02 was myfirst intern, and sheset the tone forwhat I could expect from Wartburg students,” said Auerbach, who works in physician relations. “My Wartburg West students are excited, bright-eyed, responsibleand quality people. Often, they know where they’re headed in life, and they have agreat commitment to service that shines through in our daily work. I love having them inouroffice.” Auerbach’s experience is not uncommon for Denver employers who host Wartburg West students. Students return to campus with similarfeelings about their urban encounters. “My experience in Denverwas amazing,” COMMITMENT- PresidentJack R. Ohie saidJessicaWilke ’06 ofElkader, who interned in behavioral reiteratedWartburg'scommitmentto therapies at the Children’s Hospital in 2005. “My summerat WartburgWest's urban education during a Wartburg West equipped me to take on justabout anything celebration ofthe program on March 20. aftergraduation.” Auerbach andWilke’s sentiments were echoed repeatedly throughoutan evening celebrating Wartburg West’s 20-year anniversary. The event tookplaceMarch 20 at theDenverPerforming Arts Center’s TheatreCafeandwas coordinated by members of alocal committee that reaches out toWartburg West students WARTBURG MAGAZINE SUMMER2006 living in Denver. Some local Deans Welch and [Dr.James] Pence and Bonita’s vision has furthered that committeemembers werepart of and the community ofalumni were effort to where weare today,” he said. the originalgroup thatwelcomed keyelements for the program,” said “Wartburg West is apart ofthe students in 1985. They include Olson. “We helped weave thosepieces Wartburg tapestry. We will doall we Jack ’53 andMariettaSchemmel; together, and from there, the program can to continuegrowing this program. Phil andMary Dailey ’75 Gottleib; built itself. Ourstudents, ourfaculty and our andWilbur ’60 and Dr. Marilyn “There was so muchexploration in internship hosts here in Denverare Brudi ’60 Flachman. theearlystages,” Olson continued. “I instrumental in helping us fulfill our ThegoalofWartburg West is to think thatMark and I, by being mission ofeducating students forlives givestudents anurbaneducation mom-and-dad types ofpeople who ofleadership and service as aspirited experience. Itbegan during 1985-86 were friendly, caring, and energetic, expression oftheirfaith and learning.” academic yearunderthe leadershipof allowed ourparticipants to jump in, As aseniorduring Fall Term Dr. EdwinWelch, thendean ofthe grow, open up to thecity, and learn.” 1995, Merrilee Bartelt Fenner ’96 faculty, and former President Robert A transitionyearof1990-91 saw student taught in theDenver Public Vogel ’56. Wartburg’s status as a Pastors Red and Susan Burchfield School System, and nowworks as a college oftheEvangelicalLutheran direct WartburgWest before the Rev. school psychologist forDPS. An Church inAmerica, as well as agood- Nelsonand the Rev. Bonita Bockwere example ofrhe Wartburg mission of sizedalumnipopulation in the Denver hired in spring 1991. challenging and nurturing students area, helpeddetermine theprogram’s “We’ve had the easy job,” said forlives ofleadershipand serviceas a location. BonitaBock. “We have had a spirited expression oftheirfaith and “A significant numberofour wonderful experience, and our biggest learning, Fenner said her timeat graduates were moving to cities,” said challenge has been not to undo the Wartburg West helped herdiscover Vogel. “The question became whether workofthose who came before us. It’s herpassions and establish afulfilling theywereprepared forthat move. As beenaprivilege to be able to dream career. we formed the ideaofWartburg West, the nextpieces and know that we have “The bottom line is that anurban-based living and working support from the administration when Wartburg educates more than the experience, ourchallenge became we do thedreaming.” mind,” Fennersaid. “Wartburg convincing ourfaculty thatthis would PresidentJack R. Ohle recognizes educates thepersonas awhole. Inand not be a ‘soft’ experience; it would the importanceofthe history ofthe outside the classroom, the Wartburg haveacademicqualifications and program, as well as the significance of communityembraces, encourages, rigor. Ourbusiness, socialwork and planning forgenerations ofWartburg challenges and cultivates the human education departments were the first students to come. spirit. And it is through the torealize thevalue added for “The dream that PresidentVogel development ofthis humanspirit that students.” and formerDeans ofFaculty had 20 your individual passions and your Welch toldVogel he had the years ago is areality now, and Nelson life’s journey begin tounfold. “perfectpeople” tohead Wartburg Wartburg West is oneofWartburg’s West, and soElaineand the late Rev. finest programs and agreat exampleof MarkOlson were named the inaugural how Wartburg fosters opportunities to leaders oftheprogram from 1985-89- connect and reconnectwith thosewho TheOlsons worked closelywith keep the Wartburg spirit alive.” Dr. HermanDiers ’49, nowprofessor emeritus ofreligion, toestablisha curriculum forstudents whoventured Erickson isassociatedirectorofWartburg alumniandparentprograms. to theMountainWest. CONNECTIONS~ Marietta Schemmei, “Thevision from rhecollege, the Rachel Zaccaro '07,andJack Schemmel '53 leadership ofPresidentVogel and exemplifytheconnections made between Denveralumni and currentWartburgWest WARTBURG MAGAZINE students. SUMMER2006 7 Let me you about my tell byDanDigmann ’93 herTom Petty hat, and mypassion for A late-morning service and early Bruce Springsteen’s music. afternoon receptionput us all onestep I fell in love withJennifer the day we ahead ofMS-related fatigue, anda jazz met. Periodic e-mail messages led to quartetplayingat the reception added a regular telephone calls. But one fateful touch ofclass. It also thwarted the Thursday night, I received aphone call awkwardness ofhaving to sit out the from her brother, who told me they had Hokey Pokeyor the Chicken Dance. We takenJennifer to the hospital. avoided acumbersome buffet line by Apparently MS felt it wasn’t getting having asit-down lunch where wait staff I DO -Dan Digmann '95 kisses his bride,Jennifer. enough attention in ourrelationship. served us all chickenparmesan. And ourhoneymoon? We tookaweek- M The next step long trip toToronto, wherewe saw the That weekend I drove more than 200 BlueJays take onJennifer’s beloved Boston miles roundtrip tovisitJennifer in the ouvpieawfraiirtyetraslewoofultdwonepveeorplderewaimth ehxoaspcietrablataisons.heInretchoevemriedddflreoomfaasheevaerrte-to- RedFSroox.m myMS fatigue and constant multiple sclerosis falling in love and living heart conversation about where we thought numbness toJennifer’s spasticityand happily everafter. ButJenniferand I have our relationship wasgoing, she let me regularNovantrone treatments, we been living this truest oflove stories. We know forsure in eight words. willingly faceeverychallenge thedisease smtaarrrtieeddalnasetwyecahra,pSteeprt.wh1e0,n2w0e05w.ere said“aIstshhienkbiItwhaenrtboytotuotmolkiips.s me,” she tAhnrdoBwousutrattlhouesv.eMsStodroyescno’nttidneufeisn.e who we are. MS brought us together Not believing what I had just heard, I illneCsosmfborinmeodr,ewteh’avneatdaokeznenonyeatrhsi.s chronic srioguhgthtnomwo?r”e direction. “You mean, like, aDtshisegismNtaaatnnitnodnwiarrleocMtteSort/Shpoeucbialeibtdoyevd(eiwtwaowrrt.iinacall,teipfouonbrallIimncsssrioedcleiaMteSit,oyn.asopraugnb)dl.icHaetiiosnof Jenniferwas diagnosed eight years agoand Out relationship tookofffrom there. mGarratkieottinCgo,unattyC-eanrteraalMMSiscehlifg-ahenlpUngirveoruspitya.ndHeaifsraeqlueeandterofthe claims an unwanted seniority over me by Jennifer lived more than 90 minutes away InsideMScontributor. nearly 27 months. She has secondary- from me, so for nearly three years we spent Dan'scolleague,RobertBarclay, CMUdirectorlphotoand progressive MS. Mine is relapsing- at least an houron thephone each vthiadteoagcrcaophmyp-apnuybltlhcisraerltaitciloe.nsartdmarketing,tookthephotos remitting. weeknight, and I’d make that 200-mile We met threeyears ago at aspecial roundtrip to see hereach weekend. On National MS Societyprogram called October 23, 2004, I askedJenniferto be “Finding YourBuried Treasure.”Jennifer my wife. was oneofthesmall group leaders at this The main event daylong program intended to helppeople Anyone who has everplanned a with MS rediscover the goals and dreams wedding knows it isn’t simple. From they’d lost sight ofin dealing with the caterers and bands to flowers and guest tigors ofeveryday lives. lists, thereare so manyderails. And How convenient that aNational MS because most bridal magazines don’t Societyprogram managertold me to sit at specialize in tips forplanning accessible Jennifer’s table. She thoughtJennifer and I weddings, there were alot ofthings we would have a lot to talk about becausewe had to figure out on ourown. both were youngerand were both self-help We held ourceremony and reception group leaders. in the same hotel conference center. This NO HOKEY POKEY-Jenniferand Dan Digmann Wewound up talking more about limited scooter-to-van transfers and made '95 both have multiplesclerosis.Theyavoided other things: ourrespectivefantasy things easierfor ourout-of-townguests awkward dance situationsattheirwedding by football teams, how herdog had destroyed and ourfriends whoalso have MS. employing ajazzquartet. WARTBURG MAGAZINE SUMMER 2006 8