Table Of Content

ApAches, the United stAtes, And the soUthwest BorderlAnds JANNE LAHTI WARS FOR EMPIRE W A R S F O R E M P I R E Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest Borderlands JANNE LAHTI University of Oklahoma Press : Norman Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Name: Lahti, Janne, author. Title: Wars for empire : Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest borderlands / Janne Lahti. Description: Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016058960 | ISBN 978-0-8061-5742-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Apache Indians—Wars, 1883–1886. | Apache Indians—Warfare. | Violence—Southwest, New—History—19th century. | Military art and science— United States—History—19th century. | Southwest, New—History, Military—19th century. | United States. Army—History—19th century. Classification: LCC E83.88 .L34 2017 | DDC 979.004/9725—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016058960 The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc. ∞ Copyright © 2017 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. Manufactured in the U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording, or otherwise—except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the United States Copyright Act—without the prior written permission of the University of Oklahoma Press. To request permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, University of Oklahoma Press, 2800 Venture Drive, Norman, OK 73069, or email [email protected]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CONTENTS List of Illustrations / vii Acknowledgments / ix Introduction / 3 Part I. Cultures of War / 15 1. Ethos / 17 2. Body / 35 3. Operations / 52 Part II. Shapes of Violence / 91 4. Containment / 93 5. Extermination / 126 6. Internment / 160 7. Insurgency / 201 Epilogue / 237 Notes / 243 Bibliography / 279 Index / 305 v ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Mescalero Apaches, 1880s / 83 Jicarilla Apache newlyweds, 1871 / 83 U.S. Army officers, 1871 / 84 Apache boy / 85 Sixth Cavalry, 1885 / 85 Geronimo, 1884 / 86 General James H. Carleton / 86 Fort Bowie, Arizona / 87 White Mountain Apaches, 1873 / 88 General George Crook / 89 Indians at Camp Apache, 1871 / 89 Apache recruits / 90 Chiricahua Apaches, 1886 / 90 Map The Southwest Borderlands / 4–5 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Like most scholarly books, this one owes debts to numerous people and several institutions. If I have missed some who helped me along the way, it is not inten- tional but can be blamed on a flawed memory. The bulk of the research and writing for this book was done between 2011 and 2014 when I was lucky enough to land a three-year postdoc fellowship from the Academy of Finland. It enabled me to split my time between the University of Helsinki and the University of Arizona, which was extremely beneficial in my development as a scholar. For once there was enough time for writing, pursuing archival research, visiting many of the places I write about, and networking. In Helsinki, Markku Peltonen was very encouraging and supportive toward my work, and Hannes Saarinen provided me an academic home. I shared office space as well as many laughs and discussions on academia and life with my col- leagues Ilkka Levä, Markku Kekäläinen, Antti Ruotsala, and Erkki Teräväinen. In Arizona, Kevin Gosner made me feel most welcome at the History Department, as did Jadwiga Pieper-Mooney, Jeremy Vetter, Douglas Weiner, and many others. Most profound thanks go Roger and Marilyn Nichols, whose warmhearted support and kindness toward me and my family will never be forgotten. I also wish to extend my thanks to staff members who proved invaluable in steering my journey in the bureaucratic maze of modern universities: especially Leena Viitaniemi, Kirsti Nymark, and Jaana Gluschkoff in Helsinki, and Debbie Jackson and Victoria Parker in Arizona. At the Arizona Historical Society, Bruce Dinges and Caitlin Lampman aided the project in many ways, as did the helpful staff at the Arizona State Museum Archives and at the University of Arizona Special Collections. Those reading earlier drafts of the chapters and/or supporting me in my research and academic life this time around included Michael Coleman, Bruce Dinges, Durwood Ball, Robert Wooster, and Margaret Jacobs. At the University of Oklahoma Press, Adam Kane, whose advice and suggestions I mostly managed to follow despite my chronic stubbornness, got the project under contract in record time and proved a wise and skillful editor. I also wish ix